【正文】 begins by..., At the next stage..., The third stage involves... 和 In the final stage... 等連貫性詞語詳細地按照先后順序介紹了四個步驟。 There are four separate stages in making bread. The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm water. This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour. The resultant batter mixture is then left for an hour. At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture, along with salt and oil. The main step in the second stage is a 第 13 頁 共 95 頁 thorough kneading of the dough, after which it is left to rise. The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves。 soon。 After lunch, while the other girls were sunbathing, Pat and I returned to the water. Soon cramps spread from my stomach to my legs. Immobilized by pain and fear, I yelled for help. My friend thought I was joking: so she ignored me. However, Sister Theresa came to my rescue when she noticed my plight. She pulled me out of the water and administered resuscitation. When regaining consciousness, I realized how close I had e to death. My experience with near death reminds me every day how close we all are to death in our daily lives. 在這個段落里，作者用了 after lunch。在說明文中敘述一件 事應(yīng)該遵循的程序或步驟時，也常用時間順序法。在今天和明天的課程中我們就來詳細地學(xué)習(xí)。 第 三 天：段落展開九法 確定了段落中心思想 , 完成了段落的主題句 ,設(shè)計好段落的擴展句之后，需要考慮的是怎樣合理、有效地安排句子，組成條理清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹?shù)亩温洹? Eskimos are expert at fishing and hunting. Eskimos know the habits of each animal 第 12 頁 共 95 頁 living in the northern lands. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it. Eskimos fish in the rivers, and when the sea is frozen, they cut holes in the ice and lower fishing lines into the water. 本段沒有 結(jié)尾句。 The alarming problem is the increase in violent incidents owing to love on campus. When failing to win desirable affection from their lovers, some girl students tend to mit suicide while boys turn to knife and poison for revenge. Besides, it is a painful fact that boys obtain money needed for their love in an improper way. To please their girlfriends, boy students always dress smartly, shop generously and eat out frequently。結(jié)尾句所表達的意思跟主題句一致，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞都不一樣。它進一步強調(diào)了段落的中心思想，以引起讀者的注意和重視。有的段落，尤其是一些較短的段落中只有主 題句沒有結(jié)尾句。結(jié)尾句常和主題句相呼應(yīng)，以不同的形式再現(xiàn)主題，并與擴展句相關(guān)聯(lián)。 He who mistrusts most should be trusted least.——最不信任別人的人最不應(yīng)該得到信任。句（ 2）、（ 3）是一級擴展句，對主題句進一步補充說明；而句（ 4）、（ 5）、（ 6）是二級擴展句，從屬于句（ 2），對句（ 2）起著補充 、解釋和說明的作用，更形象、生動地證明了主題句所表達的思想。 (1)The puter finds many applications in all fields. (2)Computers are now doing almost everything from diagnosing hospital patients to running nuclear power stations. 第 10 頁 共 95 頁 (3)In any field where information is collected, processed, stored, and retrieved, puters are being used more and more. (4)Computers are also used as an aid to design planning. (5)For example, they can be used to predict faults in design as well as the cost of a design if one is planning to build a road. 在這個段落中，句（ 1）是主題句，提出計算機在所有領(lǐng)域都有應(yīng)用的觀點；句（ 2）、（ 3）和（ 4）是一級擴展句，都支持和說明句（ 1），具體說明計算機都在哪些領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用，而句（ 5）是二級擴展句，用來補充說明句（ 4），通過舉例來說明計算機輔助設(shè)計的用途。請看下 面的例子： （ 1） Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. （ 2） It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at petitive prices. （ 3） By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. （ 4） By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. （ 5） It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspapers would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more. 這個段落中的句（ 1）是段落主題句，提出觀點： “花錢做廣告是我所知道的最好的花錢方式。一級擴展句為主題句服務(wù)，二級擴展句支持一級擴展句來說明或論證主題句。 這些擴展句可以處于同一個層次，共同來為主題句服務(wù)；也可以在一級擴展句之下用二級擴展句來支持一級擴展句，從而構(gòu)成擴展句之間的層次關(guān)系。上一句要為下一句鋪平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地論述或敘述主題?？筛臑椋?Going to college, I can learn more and make new friends. 二、擴展句 第 9 頁 共 95 頁 擴展句是用來支持或說明主題句的，是段落主題句的延伸和發(fā)展，起著輔助主題句、推展段落中心的作用，對主題句表達的中心思想或舉例說明、或細致描寫、或詳細解釋闡述和論證，使讀者能夠清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表達的意思。由于涉及面太窄而不利于展開討論，不適合做主題句?？梢愿臑椋?Television plays an educational role in our daily life. Big cities have traffic 題思想，范圍限得過寬，抓不住段落主線，不好下筆擴展段 落。段落主題句所限定的內(nèi)容必須符合段落寫作的目的，有助于段落的鋪開和抒發(fā)。同時，段落主題句不能寫得太籠統(tǒng)，也不能涉及面太窄。特別提請注意 的是，在段落中，雖然主題句可以放在不同的位置，但最常見的還是放在段首，這并不是說主題句一定就是該段的第一句話，而往往是在主題句之前還有一個承上啟下的過渡句。應(yīng)該注意的是，在沒有主題句的段落中，敘述應(yīng)該十分清楚，暗含的主題必須顯而易見。 Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one person?s behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. 而下面這段話則沒有明顯的主題句。 Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet。 lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders. 有時為了特別強調(diào)主題句的內(nèi)容，也可以使主題句既出現(xiàn)在段首，又出現(xiàn)在段末。這種情況比較少見。 但是，主題句有時也可能出現(xiàn)在段落中間，或者根本就沒有明顯的段落主題句。 Most of us may have such experiences: when you go to some place far away from the city you live in and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you should run into one of your old classmates in the street. Perhaps both of you would 第 7 頁 共 95 頁 cry out, “What a small world!” 在這個段落里， 作者先給出了一個假設(shè)性的事例，吸引讀者的注意力，然后在段落結(jié)束時總結(jié)出 “What a small world!”（ “世界 真小啊 ”）作為段落主題句。 it must e slowly through personal search. 在這個段落中，主題句先不出現(xiàn)，而是先舉出許多具體的 experiences，在段落結(jié)尾時才予以歸納，得出中心結(jié)論： Experience cannot be taught。 do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow。 本段的主題句 The purpose of this book is to provide