27037語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論復(fù)習(xí)精華-文庫(kù)吧資料
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【正文】 間的關(guān)系。28. Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations, such as number ,gender ,tense ,aspect ,case and degree. 屈折詞綴或者屈折詞素，表現(xiàn)的是語(yǔ)法關(guān)系，如數(shù)、性、時(shí)態(tài)、態(tài)、格和級(jí)。27. By backformation , we delete a suffix from an apparently plex form instead of adding a suffix. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation. 通過(guò)逆序造詞法或者逆生法，我門(mén)刪除掉一個(gè)復(fù)雜形式的后綴而不是添加后綴。（2009年10月考題）25. Clipping refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in the part of 。23. If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the bining process is known as pounding . 如果兩個(gè)或者更多的獨(dú)立單詞合在一起形成可以被作為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的單詞而使用的形式，這種合并的過(guò)程就是復(fù)合法。21. Generally ,affixation in English may be further divided into two types : prefixation and suffixation . 一般而言，在英文中詞綴法可以進(jìn)一步分為兩種：前綴法和后綴法。19. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base ,the process involved is called affixation . 當(dāng)一個(gè)新單詞是通過(guò)添加一個(gè)詞綴到詞基上形成的，所涉及的過(guò)程被稱為詞綴法。(2010年1月考題)17. The constituents which are involved directly in forming a larger constituent are called the immediate constituents /ICs of the larger form. 涉及直接形成一個(gè)更大成分的成分叫做直接成分。15. In the IC Analysis of a word , the forms at the bottom of the treebranch diagram are called ultimate constituents ,which are individual morphemes and therefore can not be further divided into smaller parts. 在一個(gè)單詞的直接成分分析中，在樹(shù)形圖底部的形式被稱為最終成分，他們是獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)素，因此不能再拆成更小的部分。而具有意義但是沒(méi)有形式的語(yǔ)子或形素被稱為零語(yǔ)子。(2010年1月考題)12. If two or more morphs are semantically identical and also in plementary distribution ,they are said to be in allomorphs of the same morpheme. 如果兩個(gè)或更多的語(yǔ)子或形素在語(yǔ)義上是一樣的而且處于互補(bǔ)性分布，他們就是同一語(yǔ)素的語(yǔ)素變體。(2010年1月考題)10. According to function, we can classify affixes into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes . 根據(jù)功能，我們能將詞綴分成屈折詞綴和派生詞綴。8. Bound morphemes are never found alone as words ,but are always joined with other ，總是和其它詞素合在一起。6. Affixes are lexically dependent on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words. 詞綴在詞義上是依賴詞根的，不表達(dá)單詞的重要意思。（2009年10月考題）4. Structurally ,morphemes fall into two kinds : free morphemes and bound morphemes . 從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)講，詞素分為兩種：自由詞素和黏附詞素。2. Morphology is a science that examines word formation and the internal structure of words. 形態(tài)學(xué)是一門(mén)研究單詞的構(gòu)成和單詞的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)的科學(xué)。16. The function of phonological rules is to change a phonemic transcription（音位音標(biāo)） into its phonetic transcription （語(yǔ)音音標(biāo)）. 音位規(guī)則的功能是將音位音標(biāo)改變?yōu)檎Z(yǔ)音音標(biāo)。14. Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features that may mark grammatical units such as word and clause . 連音是指能夠表示諸如單詞和從句等語(yǔ)法單位的語(yǔ)音分界特征。重音的位置會(huì)導(dǎo)致單詞意義的變化。超切分特征有三種，重音，音調(diào)和連音或者音渡。10. The distinctive features which can only have an effect on one sound segment are called segmental features. 只對(duì)一種聲音切分有影響的區(qū)別性特征被稱為切分特征。8. The distinctive features are the features that can contrast words . 甄別性特征或者區(qū)別性特征是能夠區(qū)別單詞的特征。6. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,they are said to be in plementary distribution . 如果兩個(gè)或者更多的音從不會(huì)在同一種環(huán)境下發(fā)生，他們就是互補(bǔ)分布。4. There are three types of distribution :contrastive distribution ,plementary distribution and free variation . 英語(yǔ)中有三種分布，對(duì)比分布，互補(bǔ)分布和自由變異。（2009年10月考題）3. Two forms are a minimal pair when they meet three conditions :1)they are different in meaning ,2) they differ only in one sound segment ,3)the different sounds occur in the same position in the strings .When a group of words meet all the three conditions ,they are called a minimal set. 當(dāng)兩種形式符合三種條件他們就是最小對(duì)立體或者最小對(duì)立對(duì)，第一，他們的意思不一樣，第二，他們只有一個(gè)語(yǔ)音切分不一樣，第三，不同的語(yǔ)音在同一個(gè)位置。英語(yǔ)音位學(xué)研究是抽象的方面：聲音的功能和聲音的組合方式。（2009年10月考題）(2010年1月考題)第四章音位學(xué)填空題或選擇題1. English phonology investigates the sound system of English .It is different from English phonetics, which is concerned with the speech sounds that occurs in the English language .English phonology studies the abstract aspects :the functions of sounds and the sound bination patterns. 英語(yǔ)音位學(xué)研究的是英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)。(2010年1月考題)19. In English ,all the back vowels except [a:] are rounded vowels. 在英語(yǔ)中，除了[a:]之外所有的后元音都是圓唇音。18. In English ,nasal vowels occur only before nasal consonants ,and oral vowels before oral consonants。（2009年10月考題）16. Stops can be divided into two types: oral stops and nasal stops .塞音或者閉止音可以分成兩種：口腔閉止音和鼻腔閉止音。14. When the vocal cords are spread apart ,the airstream is not blocked at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract（聲帶系統(tǒng)） without vocalcord vibration（聲帶振動(dòng)） .The sounds produced in this way are called voiceless consonants . 當(dāng)聲帶被分開(kāi)，氣流在聲門(mén)處沒(méi)有阻礙，并且沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)聲帶振動(dòng)就自由進(jìn)入到發(fā)音系統(tǒng)，以這種方式所發(fā)出的音被稱為清輔音。12. In terms of lip rounding ,vowels are classified into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels . 根據(jù)口形，元音被分成圓唇元音和非圓唇元音。9. The raising of the soft palate causes
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