【正文】 譯出。 the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (95年考題)政府是以減少技術(shù)的經(jīng)費投入來增加純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費投入, 還是相反, 這往 往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動的力量。它們還被認(rèn)為是構(gòu)成外部行星以及其衛(wèi)星的一種類似微星的基礎(chǔ)材料。 behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.流體在管道中流動的情況, 受到諸如流體粘度、泵送速度等各種因素的影響。 signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.這些訊號是由外層空間的星球碰撞或者核反應(yīng)所造成的。常用“被”, “給”, “遭”, “挨”, “為……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。)2. 譯成漢語的被動語態(tài)。 他也沒有 因為缺乏別的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識而被扣分。例如: decision to attack was not taken lightly.進攻的決定不是輕易作出的。 strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.在我們這個世紀(jì)內(nèi)研制了許多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也許就是氣墊 船了。 例如: efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.應(yīng)該盡最大努力告誡年輕人吸煙的危害, 特別是吸上煙癮后的可怕后果。 it is imagined by many that the operations of the mon mind can be by no means pared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考題)許多人認(rèn)為, 普通人的思維活動根本無法與科學(xué)家的思維過程相比, 而且認(rèn)為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專門的訓(xùn)練才能掌握。例如: right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反應(yīng)堆需要一種合適的燃料。 is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.人們普遍認(rèn)為，孩子們的早年經(jīng)歷在很大程度上決定了他們的性格及其未來的人品。例如: could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人會指出, 無線電廣播同樣也能做到這一點, 但還是電視屏幕上的節(jié)目要生動、真實得多。s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能對健康、安全, 甚至對生命本身構(gòu)成的危險可以用一個詞—輻射來概括。 other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.換言之, 礦物就是存在于地球上, 但須經(jīng)過挖掘、鉆孔、人工爆破或類似作業(yè)才能獲得的物質(zhì)。在采用此方法時, 我們往往在譯文中使用了 “加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用……來”等詞來體現(xiàn)原文中的被動含義。英語原文的被動結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)又可以進一步分為幾種不同的情況。在漢語中, 也有被動語態(tài), 通常通過“把”或“被”等詞體現(xiàn)出來, 但它的使用范圍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于英語中被動語態(tài)的使用范圍, 因此英語中的被動語態(tài)在很多情況下都翻譯成主動結(jié)構(gòu)。（正譯）請暫時不要發(fā)這份文件。He still could not understand me. (正譯)Still he failed to understand me. (反譯)（5） 無論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學(xué)生。You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正譯）This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反譯）（3） 他突然想到了一個新主意。如：（1） 在美國，人人都能買到槍。正譯與反譯常常具有同義的效果，但反譯往往更符合英語的思維方式和表達習(xí)慣。所謂正譯，是指把句子按照與漢語相同的語序或表達方式譯成英語。（在定語從句前拆譯）（4）中國是個大國，百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè)，但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一，其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。中國人民正是以這種熱情好客而聞明世界的。如： (1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中國加強合作，符合美國的利益。所以漢譯英時要根據(jù)需要注意利用連詞、分詞、介詞、不定式、定語從句、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)等把漢語短句連成長句；而英譯漢時又常常要在原句的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、主謂連接處、并列或轉(zhuǎn)折連接處、后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處，以及意群結(jié)束處將長句切斷，譯成漢語分句。拆句法是把一個長而復(fù)雜的句子拆譯成若干個較短、較簡單的句子，通常用于英譯漢；合并法是把若干個短句合并成一個長句，一般用于漢譯英。（被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)主動語態(tài)） （8）時間不早了，我們回去吧！We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型轉(zhuǎn)換) （9）學(xué)生們都應(yīng)該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。（動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞） （6）In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中，對人類疏忽自身環(huán)境作了批評。Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our prehensive national strength has greatly improved. (動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞) (4) I’m all for you opinion.我完全贊成你的意見。Our institute is coadministrated b