【正文】 pinning and weaving into cloth, animal fibers in the form of skins were the earliest type of clothing worn by man.羊毛是來自于動(dòng)物的天然纖維。丹麥的網(wǎng)站已經(jīng)取得了優(yōu)良的片段的早期的羊毛織物約公元前1300至公元前1000年。這些已經(jīng)從公元前4000到公元前3500 ?！　he earliest fragments of wool fabric have been found in Egypt, probably because of the preserving qualities of the climate. These have been dated from 4000 to 3500 B C. The earliest example of wool fabric found in Europe has been dated about 1500 B C。羊皮，包括頭發(fā)，可能很久以前發(fā)現(xiàn)的纖維可紡成紗線或織成織物氈。棉紗是用來加強(qiáng)對(duì)驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)和工作服帶。今天，然而，沉重的帆布齒輪被取代的輕質(zhì)尼龍檢測(cè)設(shè)備。機(jī)織物棉可以打開足夠舒適，提供良好的透氣性。一個(gè)帳篷織物必須能夠“呼吸”，讓居住者不被自己的二氧化碳。　　 For recreational use, cotton has traditionally been used for tenting and camping gear, boat sails, tennis shoes and sportswear. Cotton is particularly wellsuited for tent. A tent fabric must be able to breath, so that the occupants are not smothered in their own carbon dioxide. Furthermore, exchange of air with the outside atmosphere reduces the humidity within the tent and keeps it from being stuffy. Fabrics woven from cotton can be open enough to provide good air permeability for fort. Tents should also shed water, when wet by rain, cotton yarns swell, reducing the interstices between the yarns and resisting the penetration of water. Today, however, heavy canvas gear is being supplanted by lightweight nylon in tenting equipment.用于娛樂用途，棉花已被用于帳篷和野營裝備，船帆，運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋和運(yùn)動(dòng)服。棉織物一直是幾十年來的床單和毛巾的支柱，因?yàn)樗麄兪鞘孢m，耐用，和吸濕劑?！　? In home furnishings, cotton serves in durable, generalservice fabrics. Although they may lack the formal appearance of materials made from other fibers, cotton goods provide a fortable, homey environment. Cotton fabrics have been the mainstay of bed linens and towels for decades, because they are fortable, durable, and moistureabsorbent. Polyester/cotton blends provide the modern consumer with noiron sheets and pillowcases that retain a crisp, fresh feel.在居家擺設(shè)，耐用是棉花，織物一般服務(wù)。收縮可以由應(yīng)用程序的控制防縮整理。在服裝，棉提供服裝，舒適，容易干燥，在明亮的，持久的色彩，容易照顧。　　 Perhaps more than any other fiber, cotton satisfies the requirements of apparel, home furnishings, recreational, and industrial uses. It provides fabrics that are strong, lightweight, pliable, easily dried, and readily laundered. In apparel, cotton provides garments that are fortable, readily dried in bright, longlasting colors, and easy to care for. The major drawbacks are a propensity for cotton yams to shrink and for cotton cloth to wrinkle. Shrinkage may be controlled by the application of shrinkresistant finishes. Durablepress properties may be imparted by chemical treatment or by blending cotton with more wrinkleresistant fibers, such as polyester.也許比任何其他纖維，棉滿足服裝，家居家具，休閑的要求，和工業(yè)用途。這說明棉花衣服更容易熨潮濕時(shí)。的內(nèi)部摩擦增強(qiáng)紗線。因此，減少內(nèi)部應(yīng)力來克服，腫脹的纖維變得更強(qiáng)。通常這種大量的外來物質(zhì)的吸收會(huì)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部應(yīng)力較高，導(dǎo)致纖維弱化。此屬性的宏觀和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)特征的纖維的結(jié)果。棉花將保留其白度較長時(shí)，線干或在電干燥器中干燥。變黃時(shí)也可能出現(xiàn)在氣干燥器干燥棉織品。最突出的是棉花霉?fàn)€的傾向，如果允許存在潮濕。這是抵抗酸，堿和有機(jī)溶劑，通常提供給消費(fèi)者。這是氫鍵，有助于保持皺紋的斷裂和改革，使棉織品要熨。當(dāng)纖維彎曲的一種新的配置，氫債券持有的纖維素鏈在一起破裂和分子滑動(dòng)以減少纖維中的應(yīng)力。也許主要的缺點(diǎn)，棉織品是他們的傾向，皺紋和去除皺紋的困難。 when the water evaporates, the colorant is trapped in the fiber. Perhaps the major disadvantage to cotton goods is their tendency to wrinkle and the difficulty of removing wrinkles. The rigidity of cotton fiber reduces the ability of yarns to resist wrinkling. When the fibers are bent to a new configuration, the hydrogen bonds which hold the cellulose chains together are ruptured and the molecules slide in order to minimize the stress within the fiber. The hydrogen bonds reform in the new positions, so that when the crushing force is removed the fibers stay in the new positions. It is the rupture and reformation of the hydrogen bonds that helps to maintain wrinkles, so that cotton goods must be ironed.不幸的是，棉花的親水性使得它容易受到水漬。因此，身體會(huì)幫助維持其溫度。水分和膨脹時(shí)濕讓棉花吸收水的重量約四分之一的高親和力的能力。因?yàn)樵诶w維素的羥基基團(tuán)，棉花對(duì)水有很強(qiáng)的吸引力。在用作紡織纖維，角質(zhì)層提供了耐磨抗棉。反過來，包括初生壁，管腔周圍次生壁?！　?A crosssectional view reveals that the fiber is kidneyshaped with central hollow core known as the lumen. The lumen provides a channel for nutrients while the plant is growing. The fiber consists of an outer shell, or cuticle, which surrounds the primary wall. The primary wall, in turn, covers the secondary wall surrounding the lumen. The cuticle is a thin, hard shell which protects the fiber from bruising and damage during growth. In use as a textile fiber, the cuticle provides abrasion resistance to cotton.管腔提供養(yǎng)分的通道而植物的生長。從淺黃色到純白色的纖維的范圍，并可以很有光澤。在顯微鏡下看起來是一個(gè)帶狀結(jié)構(gòu)，沿其長度不規(guī)則的時(shí)間間隔扭曲。 　 (7) Strict good ordinary. （7）嚴(yán)格好普通。　　(4) Middling. （4）中?！　?2) Good middling. （2）上級(jí)。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了6級(jí)以上，6級(jí)以下的中等。在美國，棉花分根據(jù)纖維的均勻性，強(qiáng)度，顏色，長度為等級(jí)，清潔和靈活性?！　?Before yam manufacture, cotton is graded, sorted, and blended to insure uniform yam quality. Cotton is graded on the basis of color, staple length, fineness, and freedom from foreign matter. In the United States, cottons are divided into grades according to length of staple, uniformity, strength, color, cleanness and flexibility. These are pared with a standard supplied by the United States Department of Agriculture. The standard provides 6 grades above and 6 grades below the Middling grade. The most mon grades are:山藥生產(chǎn)之前，棉花分級(jí)，分類，和混合均勻的紗線質(zhì)量的保證。這一時(shí)期的種子發(fā)芽生長，在大約100天，產(chǎn)生白色花。　　 Cotton cultivation requires warm climates with a high level of moisture or irrigation. The growing season is from six to seven months long. During this period the seeds sprout and grow, producing a white blossom in about 100 days. The blossom produces a seed pod, which matures during the next two months. When the pod bursts, the cotton fibers are ready for picking.棉花種植需要溫暖的氣候和水分或灌溉高水平。機(jī)械化程度提高，纖維和紗線的生產(chǎn)使棉花的成本低的商品?！　?The invention of the sawtype cotton gin made possible the exploitation of the short staple fiber, which thrived in the Carolinas and Virginia of the United States. The dramatic increase in productivity, coupled with the low cost of labor in the southern United States, gave cotton a continually expanding portion of the world textile market. Increasing mechanization of fiber and yarn production helped keep the cost of cotton goods low. The, development o