【正文】 g language problems 跨文化溝通的通信需要了解文化差異，克服語言問題 Some Culture Definitions: learn to think, feel, believe, and act as they do because of the messages that have been municated to them, and those messages all bear the stamp of culture. is the plex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward Tylor ) ? What four ponents prise a culture? ? values 價值觀 – beliefs 信念 – behaviors 行為 – Norms 規(guī)范 Characteristics of Culture ? Culture is learned 學問 ? Culture is unconscious潛意識 ? Culture is shared 分享 ? Culture is integrated集合 ? Culture is Symbolic 象征 ? Culture is a way of life ? Culture is Dynamic（動態(tài)的） ? Culture is Relative相對的 Crosscultural Values ? Freedom自由 ? Independence 獨立 ? Selfreliance 自立 ? Equality 平等 ? Individualism 個人主義 ? Competition 競爭 ? Efficiency 有效 ? Time 準時 ? Directness 率直 ? Openness 心胸寬大 ? Belonging ? Group harmony ? Collectiveness ? Age/seniority ? Group consciousness ? Cooperation 合作 ? Quality 質量 ? Patience 耐心 ? Indirectness 直接 Americans Japanese Cultural differences in body positions ? Challenging norms of society, challenging authority, expressing free speech. do you know some Cultural differences in body positions? Views and Practices Concerning Factors of Human Relationships seven major factor time space odors frankness intimacy of relationship values expression of emotions A Classic Defense of Cultural Difference The classic“ ugly American was traveling a faraway land .He had been critical of much of what he experienced the food ,the hotels, the costoms in general .One day he came up a funeral. he observed that the mourners placed food on the graveand left it there. What a stupid practice! “ he exclaimed to his native host !Do your people actually think that the dead person will eat the food? At this point, the host had taken all the insults for one day .So he replied, Our dead will eat the food as soon as your dead smell the flowers you place on their grave. Time ? In our culture , people tend to be monochroic . ? In some other culture ,people are poly chronic, viewing time in a more relaxed way. Space People from different cultures often vary in their attitudes toward space . Even people from the same culture may have different space preferences. Odors People from different cultures may have different attituides toward dody odors. Frankness Highcontext cultures are more frank and explicit than lowcontext cultures. EG: North Americans , Germans and Israelis Intimacy of Relationships ? In many cultures ,strict social classes exist,and class status determines how intimately people are addressed and treated in munication. ? How people view superiorsubordinate relations can vary by culture. ? The role of women varies widely by cultu