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2025-01-27 11:17本頁面
【正文】 還處于非常初步的設(shè)計階 段時，基礎(chǔ)就必須很快的設(shè)計出來。即使各層樓板厚度真的有所不同，也只是稍作修改，而且必須盡可能精確的把面層計算在內(nèi)。梁、柱和樓梯的重量可認為已包括在樓板的厚度內(nèi)，如果樓板計劃用空心磚或輕骨料建造，則板的應(yīng)當減薄 。 一立方米密實混凝土還應(yīng)加上活荷載值。比值在大多數(shù)地方當局的建筑附加法規(guī)中得到承認。在任何情況下 ,目前所計算的基礎(chǔ)厚度不受附加法規(guī)的控制 ,因而我們可以合理地采用活荷載的任意一部分。在所有這些結(jié)構(gòu)中，柱子或支柱的數(shù)量較少而尺寸較大，以便降低對它們的壓曲作用，增加其有效長度。塔架可以稱為建筑物的核心結(jié)構(gòu)，在其頂部有一個向各個方向懸挑的橋，從橋上伸下高強鋼筋懸吊其下面的樓板。 然而，這僅僅是懸掛結(jié)構(gòu)的開始，假如它能取得成功，而且假如世界上的大城市中人口仍然越來越稠密，這種設(shè)計思想將會得到發(fā)展。 看來可能而且很有可能的情景是整個城市可能就是一座或者數(shù)座這樣巨大的建筑物，這些建筑物支承在成對的 1000 米高的塔架上，用輕型橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)連通， 3 可能采用的是懸索橋。 4 Building Structure A structure is the part of a building that carries its weight, and for at least half the world’s civil engineers, structures are most of civil engineering. We should also remember that anything built is a structure. (From an aeroplane engineer’s point of view, an aeroplane also is a structure.) A structural design is the design of building structures. The building as a whole is designed by an architect, particularly in a densely populated area. For water engineers, sewagetreatment engineers, and municipal engineers, structures are not always an important part of their work though even a road or a pipe is a structure since they both carry load. Every structural design includes the foundation design. One of the monest foundations is that for a concrete column or a steel stanchion. It is generally designed for the same maximum load as the column, and usually is an independent (pad) foundation. Where the pads in one row bee so large that they nearly touch, it is convenient to join them into a continuous ( or trip) for foundation which generally will be cheaper to dig and to concrete than the same foundations built separately as pads. Combined footings are those in which the pads would also be so large that they nearly touch, but unlike strip footings, they may carry the load from more than one row of columns. The final development of the bined footing is the raft (or mat or matters) foundation in which a
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