【正文】 nvolves the previously mentioned “ feeling for structure” or intuition that es through experience. Structural design can be learned from lectures and books, but it is likely that structural planning cannot. Nevertheless, some insight and judgment can be developed from a minimal background in structural analysis and design. If possible, this should be gained from an architectural standpoint, emphasizing the relationship between the quantities and the resulting qualities wherever possible, rather than from an engineering approach. This study of quantitative structures can be thorough enough to permit the architect to do pletely the analysis for smaller projects, although such depth is not absolutely necessary. At the very least it should provide the knowledge and vocabulary necessary to work with the consulting engineer. It must be remembered that the architect receives much more education that is oriented toward creativity than does the engineer, and therefore needs to maintain control over the design. It is up to the architect to ask intelligent questions and suggest viable alternatives. If handicapped by structural ignorance, some of the design decisions will, in effect, be made by others. 第 6 頁 Reading Material B Types of Loads and Types of Stress Types of Loads In general, loads that act on building structures can be divided into two groups。s circulation systems. It should not be in conflict with the piping systems 第 3 頁 for water and waste, the ducting systems for air, or (most important) the movement of people. It is obvious that the various building systems must be coordinated as the design progresses. One can design in a sequential stepbystep manner within any one system, but the design of all of them should move in a parallel manner toward pletion. Spatially, all the various parts of a building are interdependent. [11] Fourth, the structure must be psychologically safe as well as physically safe. A highrise frame that sways considerably in the wind might not actually be dangerous but may make the building uninhabitable just the same. Lightweight floor systems that are too “bouncy can make the users very unfortable. Large glass windows, uninterrupted by dividing mullions, can be quite safe but will appear very insecure to the occupant standing next to one 40 floors above the street. [12] Sometimes the architect must make deliberate attempts to increase the apparent strength or solidness of the structure. This apparent safety may be more important than honestly expressing the building39。 13 第 1 頁 UNIT FIVE Text Structure of Buildings [1] Considering only the engineering essentials, the structure of a building can be defined as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability. Its primary purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground. [2] In terms of architecture, the structure of a building is and does much more than that. It is an inseparable part of the building form and to varying degrees is a generator of that form. Used skillfully, the building structure can establish or reinforce orders and rhythms among the architectural volumes and planes. It can be visually dominant or recessive. It can develop harmonies or conflicts. It can be both confining and emancipating. And, unfortunately in some cases, it cannot be ignored. It is physical. [3] The structure must also be engineered to maintain the architectural form. The principles and tools of physics and mathematics provide the basis for differentiating between rational and irrational forms in terms of construction. Artists can sometimes generate shapes that obviate any consideration of science, but architects cannot. [4] There are at least three items that must be present in the structure of a building: stability strength and stiffness economy [5] Taking the first of the three requirements, it is obvious that stability is needed to maintain shape. An unstable building structure implies unbalanced forces or a lack of equilibrium and a consequent acceleration of the structure or its pieces. [6] The requirement of strength means that the materials selected to resist the stresses generated by the loads and shapes of the structure (s) must be adequate. Indeed, a factor of safety is usually provided 第 2 頁 so that under the anticipated lo