【正文】 s theory, it was generally believed thatA) the best way to study the mind was through the use of the experimental method.B) human consciousness was identical to nonhuman animal consciousness.C) humans had access to all the activities of their own minds.D) unconscious processes affected conscious behavior.Answer: C4) According to the research on the development of selfawareness, the youngest age at which children acquire a sense of objective selfawareness is at about ________ months.A) 6 B) 18 C) 30 D) 42Answer: B5) The methodological breakthrough for the study of sleep came in 1937 when researchers began usingA) electroencephalograms. B) experiencesampling.C) hypnosis. D) thinkaloud protocols.Answer: A6) Most of a person39。s actions.II True or False 1) Psychologists are trained to describe behavior from their own subjective point of view, making sure to include their own biases and expectations in their observations.2) With respect to the goals of psychology, descriptions must stick to perceivable information, whereas explanations deliberately go beyond what can be observed.3) Psychologists believe that behavior should only be studied in a controlled research laboratory.4) In 1879, B. F. Skinner founded the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology.5) In Freud39。 asking a question10) The humanistic perspective in psychology gives greater weight and importance toA) the capacity of humans to make choices.B) breaking down plex behavior into elementary units of behavior.C) how environmental forces e to control the individual39。 smilingC) asking a question。s displaced hostility toward his mother is most likely to prefer the ____C____ perspective.A) cognitive B) humanistic C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic8) Psychologists who take the behaviorist approach seek to BA) illustrate the innate goodness of humans.B) understand how environmental stimuli control behavior.C) validate the importance of thought processes in human behavior.D) demonstrate the importance of unresolved conflicts and inner forces.9) A teacher wants to see whether smiling at children if they raise their hands when she asks a question increases the likelihood that children will volunteer answers. From the behaviorist perspective, the antecedentenvironmental condition is ________ and the consequence is ________.A) smiling。s past experience, knowledge, expectations, motivations, and background influence the way a perceived object is interpreted and classified.Answer: FALSE9) The principle of relative size states that objects of the same size but different distances project the same size images on the retina.Answer: FALSE10) When your expectations affect perceptions the process is called bottomup processing.Answer: FALSEChapter 51) Psychology is best defined as the scientific study of DA) the mind and consciousness.B) the mental processes of individuals.C) mental disorders and abnormal behavior.D) the behavior of individuals and their mental processes.2) The first task in psychology is to make accurate observations about behavior. This means that psychologists must first ____D____ behavior.A) predict B) explain C) control D) describe3) When drawing conclusions about behavior, psychologists rely on CA) their own personal beliefs. B) what is known as mon sense.C) objectively collected information. D) their everyday observations of people.4) In order to investigate behavior, researchers may use different levels of analysis. Which of the following research questions exemplifies the broadest, most global level of analysis?AA) What are the origins of prejudice?B) Are there gender differences in prejudice?C) Are there differences in how various racial groups express prejudice?D) What is the role of early childhood experiences in the formation of prejudice?5) In 1908, Hermann Ebbinghaus wrote that Psychology has a long past, but only a short history. Which statement best captures the idea that Ebbinghaus was expressing? CA) Psychologists, like philosophers, have difficulty learning from their mistakes.B) Questions about human nature have existed for a long time, but only recently have the methods necessary to answer them been developed.C) The field of psychology has existed for a long time, but only recently have scholars begun to record the acplishments of the profession.D) Although psychologists have been doing laboratory research for hundreds of years, little of substance has been discovered about human nature.6) Which statement most closely characterizes the current(, 現(xiàn)行的) view of most psychologists toward the study of behavior? AA) Psychologists borrow and blend from different perspectives.B) Psychologists tend to agree that the most productive approach is the biological perspective.C) Psychologists take the approach that plex behavior can be reduced to patterns of simple behavior.D) Although psychologists differ in their basic approach, all agree on the questions to be asked and how theyshould be studied.7) A psychologist who explains a rapist39。 unconscious stimuliAnswer: A8) Which one refers to the least amount of stimulation that your perceptual system（感知系統(tǒng)） can detect about half of the time?A) The stimulus threshold B) The difference thresholdC) The absolute threshold D) The action potentialAnswer: C9) Different senses give us different sensations mainly becauseA) They involve different stimuli.B) They activate different sensory regions(1.【醫(yī)】 感覺區(qū), 頂顳區(qū)) of the brain.C) They have different intensities.D) We have different memories associated with them.Answer: B10) Which of the following is an example of the kind of information that topdown processingcontributes to perception?A) Looking for a friend’s face in the crowdB) Having to wait for your eyes to adjust to the dark in a theatreC) Hearing a painfully loud noiseD) Fe