【正文】 and that their operation will remain consistent with human values and aspirations. Researchers and practitioners have increased their attention to these challenges, and should continue to focus on them. Developing and studying machine intelligence can help us better understand and appreciate our human intelligence. Used thoughtfully, AI can augment our intelligence, helping us chart a better and wiser path forward. A full list of the remendations made in this report is on page 40. PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 5 Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to help address some of the biggest challenges that society faces. Smart vehicles may save hundreds of thousands of lives every year worldwide, and increase mobility for the elderly and those with disabilities. Smart buildings may save energy and reduce carbon emissions. Precision medicine may extend life and increase quality of life. Smarter government may serve citizens more quickly and precisely, better protect those at risk, and save money. AIenhanced education may help teachers give every child an education that opens doors to a secure and fulfilling life. These are just a few of the potential benefits if the technology is developed with an eye to its benefits and with careful consideration of its risks and challenges. The United States has been at the forefront of foundational research in AI, primarily supported for most of the field‘s history by Federal research funding and work at government laboratories. The Federal Government‘s support for unclassified AI Ramp。 that they are open, transparent, and understandable。D to maximize benefit and build a highlytrained workforce. PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2 Given the strategic importance of AI, moreover, it is appropriate for the Federal Government to monitor developments in the field worldwide in order to get early warning of important changes arising elsewhere in case these require changes in . policy. The rapid growth of AI has dramatically increased the need for people with relevant skills to support and advance the field. An AIenabled world demands a dataliterate citizenry that is able to read, use, interpret, and municate about data, and participate in policy debates about matters affected by AI. AI knowledge and education are increasingly emphasized in Federal Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education programs. AI education is also a ponent of Computer Science for All, the President‘s initiative to empower all American students from kindergarten through high school to learn puter science and be equipped with the putational thinking skills they need in a technology driven world. Economic Impacts of AI AI‘s central economic effect in the short term will be the automation of tasks that could not be automated before. This will likely increase productivity and create wealth, but it may also affect particular types of jobs in different ways, reducing demand for certain skills that can be automated while increasing demand for other skills that are plementary to AI. Analysis by the White House Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) suggests that the negative effect of automation will be greatest on lowerwage jobs, and that there is a risk that AIdriven automation will increase the wage gap between lesseducated and more educated workers, potentially increasing economic inequality. Public policy can address these risks, ensuring that workers are retrained and able to succeed in occupations that are plementary to, rather than peting with, automation. Public policy can also ensure that the economic benefits created by AI are shared broadly, and assure that AI responsibly ushers in a new age in the global economy. Fairness, Safety, and Governance As AI technologies move toward broader deployment, technical experts, policy analysts, and ethicists have raised concerns about unintended consequences of widespread adoption. Use of AI to make consequential decisions about people, often replacing decisions made by humandriven bureaucratic processes, leads to concerns about how to ensure justice, fairness, and accountability—the same concerns voiced previously in the Administration‘s Big Data: Seizing Opportunities, Preserving Values report of 20xx,1 as well as the Report to the President on Big Data and Privacy: A Technological Perspective published by the President‘s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology in Transparency concerns focus not only on the data and algorithms involved, but also on the potential to have some form of explanation for any AIbased determination. Yet AI experts have cautioned that there are inherent challenges in trying to understand and predict the behavior of advanced AI systems. Use of AI to control physicalworld equipment leads to concerns about safety, especially as systems are exposed to the full plexity of the human environment. A major challenge in AI safety is building systems that can safely transition from the ―closed world‖ of the laboratory into the outside ―open world‖ where unpredictable things can happen. Adapting gracefully to unforeseen situations is difficult yet necessary for safe operation. Experience in building other types of safetycritical systems and infrastructure, such as aircraft, power plants, bridges, and vehicles, has much to teach AI practitioners 1 ―Big Data: Seizing Opportunities, Preserving Values,‖ Executive Office of the President, May 20xx, 2 The President‘s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, ―Report to the President: Big Data and Privacy: A Technological Perspective,‖ Executive Office of the President, May 20xx, . PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 3 about verification and validation, ho