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s decision making process.“ This short, but prehensive definition presents the major features of a data four keywords, subjectoriented, integrated, timevariant, and nonvolatile, distinguish data warehouses from other data repository systems, such as relational database systems, transaction processing systems, and file 39。s petitive, fast evolving the last several years, many firms have spent millions of dollars in building enterprisewide data people feel that with petition mounting in every industry, data warehousing is the latest musthave marketing weapon —— a way to keep customers by learning more about their needs.“So“, you may ask, full of intrigue, “what exactly is a data warehouse?”Data warehouses have been defined in many ways, making it difficult to formulate a rigorous speaking, a data warehouse refers to a database that is maintained separately from an organization39。共 14 頁 第 13 頁┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告紙合成多晶金剛石目前已被用于機(jī)夾刀片上,因其成本太高,目前應(yīng)用很少,但有時(shí)用于加工有磨蝕作用的鋁、硅合金,熔融石英和增強(qiáng)塑料,隨意的晶體取向改善了它們的沖擊抗力,使它們適合斷續(xù)切削。金剛石車削和鏜孔是基本的精加工,因?yàn)槿魏危词棺钶p)粗切削產(chǎn)生的李也會導(dǎo)致金剛石破裂或脫落。:金剛石刀具常用于加工有色金屬如銅和鋁,~(2~3um)j極高的光潔度。陶瓷的熱傳導(dǎo)性比硬質(zhì)合金差,因此,盡管前刀面上的摩擦力通常較低,但其前刀面的溫度比硬質(zhì)合金的要高得多。因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)功率只能適合硬質(zhì)合金刀具,目前,陶瓷只限于告訴精加工,此時(shí),機(jī)床功率足夠進(jìn)行輕加工。它們大都應(yīng)用于高速切削中。因?yàn)樘沾傻镀^便宜,而且刃磨時(shí)易引起熱脆裂,所以都做成不重磨刀片。使用氧化鋁涂層和多晶氮化硼的其他涂層尚處于實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,但它們很可能在加工鑄鐵、淬硬鋼和高熔點(diǎn)合金時(shí)有重要應(yīng)用。這些刀具比普通碳化鎢硬質(zhì)合金刀具更耐磨,使用氮化鈦涂層界面摩擦力減小,導(dǎo)致切削力和刀具溫度降低。韌性更高的硬質(zhì)合金大大克服了早期產(chǎn)品的脆性,故也能用于斷續(xù)切削,包括許多費(fèi)力的面銑加工。機(jī)夾形式刀頭經(jīng)常做成不重磨形式,當(dāng)所有刀刃都用廢時(shí),就將刀片丟棄,因?yàn)橹啬コ杀颈刃碌镀某杀靖叩枚?。?14 頁 第 12 頁┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告紙:這是20世紀(jì)20年代晚期德國出現(xiàn)的硬質(zhì)合金刀具,通常是將碳化鎢或碳化鎢和碳化鈦或碳化鉭的混合物以粉末形式沉積在鈷或鎳的基體上。C時(shí)仍能保持硬度,但在更高溫度下會迅速軟化。這些鋼的化學(xué)成分差別很大,%碳和4%鉻,另外還有比例不一樣的鎢、釩、鉬和鈷。因此,在切削低碳鋼時(shí),(30ft/min),即使在這種速度時(shí)也要連續(xù)供應(yīng)切削液。:才刀具歷史上,高碳鋼是最早用于工業(yè)上的刀具材料,但目前已幾乎全部被廢棄不用了,因?yàn)樗?20176。刀具材料已有許多刀具材料能滿足高金屬切削率的要求。刀尖采用圓弧過渡時(shí),圓弧的尺寸可用弧半徑9來表示。設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),這兩方面的因素都要兼顧。由于刀具切削長度是沿著此切削刃的,因此,側(cè)切削刃角決定了切削力的分布。該角可減少刀具和已加工表面之間的摩擦,延長刀具的使用壽命。側(cè)后角能使刀具更平穩(wěn)的切入工件。后角也可用刀具的側(cè)面和端面的視圖來表示。在這種強(qiáng)況下,從斷后刀面刃磨部位下量出的角度(角度4)比端后角大。它確保工件和刀具之間有間隙使得切屑經(jīng)過刀具時(shí)摩擦最小。側(cè)共 14 頁 第 11 頁┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告紙前角也是一個(gè)重要的幾何角度,它能把切屑引向刀架的一側(cè),并能使進(jìn)給更加容易。背前角對加工過程影響很大,它直接影響刀具的切削力、表面光潔度以及刀具耐用度。圖142所示各個(gè)角度定義如下:主視圖中的角度1為背前角,它是在垂直于刀具基面的縱向剖面內(nèi)的平行于刀柄的一條直線與刀面之間的夾角。為了澄清已有的混亂的概念和術(shù)語,美國機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會頒布了ASA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)B522—1950,本文的術(shù)語即以此為依據(jù)。我們即以此為例來討論刀具的幾何參數(shù)。刀具角度設(shè)計(jì)的一般性原則不因某種特殊刀具而變。本文向大家介紹刀具的幾何參數(shù)和刀具材料。一些老式的或價(jià)廉的車床為了能夠得到所有的進(jìn)給量和加工出多有螺紋,必須更換主軸和變速箱之間的齒輪系中的一個(gè)或兩個(gè)齒輪。主軸就是這樣通過齒輪傳動(dòng)鏈驅(qū)動(dòng)變速齒輪箱,在帶動(dòng)絲杠和光杠,然后帶動(dòng)拖板,刀具就可以按主軸的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)縱向地或橫向地精確移動(dòng)?,F(xiàn)代車床有一個(gè)變速齒輪箱,齒輪箱的輸入端有車床主軸通過合適的齒輪傳動(dòng)來驅(qū)動(dòng)。通過溜板箱前面的夾緊手柄可以使對開螺母緊緊包合絲杠。光杠通過摩擦離合器驅(qū)動(dòng)拖板移動(dòng),離合器可能會產(chǎn)生打滑現(xiàn)象。適當(dāng)?shù)碾x合器或者齒條小齒輪連接或者與橫拖板的螺桿連接,是拖板縱向移動(dòng)或使橫拖板橫向移動(dòng)。光桿上有一個(gè)幾乎貫穿于整個(gè)光杠的鍵槽,光杠通過兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)向相反并用鍵連接的錐齒輪傳遞動(dòng)力。手輪的另一端與溜板箱背面的小齒輪連接,小齒輪與齒條嚙合,齒條倒裝在床身前上邊緣的下面。溜板箱裝在大拖板前面,通過溜板箱內(nèi)的機(jī)械裝置可以手動(dòng)和動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)大拖板以及動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)橫拖板。大多數(shù)車床的刀架安裝在復(fù)式刀座上,刀座上有底座,底座安裝在橫拖板上,可繞垂直軸和上刀架轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。大拖板上有橫向?qū)к?,使橫向拖板可以安裝在上面,并通過絲杠使其運(yùn)動(dòng),絲杠由一個(gè)小手柄和刻度盤控制。拖板組件用于安裝和移動(dòng)切削工具。通常在活動(dòng)套筒的外表面刻有幾英寸長的刻度,以控制尾座的前后移動(dòng)。通過手輪和螺桿,尾座套筒可以在尾座體中縱向移入和移出幾英寸。尾座安裝在底座上,可以沿鍵槽在底座上橫向移動(dòng),使尾座與主軸箱中的主軸對中并為切削圓錐體提供方便。尾座組件主要由三部分組成。主軸由電動(dòng)機(jī)經(jīng)V帶或無聲鏈裝置提供動(dòng)力。很多大車床使用偏心夾或鍵動(dòng)圓錐軸頭。主軸的內(nèi)端從主軸箱中凸出,其上可以安裝多種卡盤、花盤和擋塊。主軸中有一個(gè)貫穿全長的通孔,長棒料可以通過該孔送料。目前發(fā)展的趨勢是通過電氣的或機(jī)械的裝置進(jìn)行無極變速。大多數(shù)車床有8~18種轉(zhuǎn)速,一般按等比級數(shù)排列。它提供動(dòng)力,使工件在各種速度下旋轉(zhuǎn)。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代車床的導(dǎo)軌要進(jìn)行變面淬火處理,以減少磨損和擦傷,具有更大的耐磨性。同樣地,在操作中應(yīng)該小心,以避免損傷導(dǎo)軌。一些制造廠生產(chǎn)的四個(gè)條導(dǎo)軌都采用倒“V”形,而另一些制造廠則將倒“V”形導(dǎo)軌和平面導(dǎo)軌相結(jié)合。它通常是由經(jīng)過充分正火或時(shí)效處理的灰鑄鐵或者球墨鑄鐵制成,它是一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的剛性框架,所有其他主要部件都安裝在床身上。圖151中標(biāo)出了車床的主要部件:床身、主軸箱組件、尾架組件、拖板組件、變速齒輪箱、絲杠和光杠。這種車床可以控制工具的機(jī)械進(jìn)給?,F(xiàn)代車床可以追溯到大約1797年,那時(shí)亨利這種是在生產(chǎn)中普遍使用的各種車床比其他種類的機(jī)床都要多的原因。車削很少在其他種類的機(jī)床上進(jìn)行,因?yàn)槠渌麢C(jī)床都不能像車床那樣方便地進(jìn)行車削加工。it is numbered 3 in the provides clearance between work and tool so that its cut surface can flow by with minimum rubbing against the save time, a portion of the end flank of the tool may sometimes be left unground, having been previously forged to such case, this endclearance angle, numbered 4, measured to the end flank surface below the ground portion, would be larger than the relief the end cutting edge is oblique to the relief angle is then best measured in a plane normal to the end cutting edge perpendicular to the base of the clearance permits the tool to advance more smoothly into the siderelief angle, indicated as 5, is measured between the side flank, just below the cutting edge, and a line through the cutting edge perpendicular to the base of the clearance permits the tool to advance more smoothly into the 6 is the endcuttingedge angle measured between the end cutting edge and a line perpendicular to the side of the tool angle prevents rubbing of the cut surface and permits longer tool sidecuttingedge angle, numbered 7, is the angle between the side cutting edge and the side of the tool true length of cut is along this the angle determines the distribution of the cutting greater the angle, the longer the tool life。第一篇:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)_英語論文翻譯┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)報(bào)告紙LATHESThe basic machines that are designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring are called little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and nine can do it with equal lathe can do boring, facing, drilling, and reaming in addition to turning, their versatility permits several operations to be performed with a single setup of the accounts for the fact that lathes of various types are more widely used in manufacturing than any other machine in various forms have existed for more than two thousand lathes date from about 1797, when Henry Maudsley developed one with a provided controlled, mechanical feed of the ingenious Englishman also developed a changegear system that could connect the motions of the spindle and leadscrew and thus enable threads to be essential ponents of a lathe are depicted in the block diagram of are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, carriage assembly, quickchange gear box, and the leadscrew and feed bed is the backbone of a is usually made of wellnormalized or aged gray or nodu