【正文】
它引起了人們的關(guān)注,因?yàn)檫x擇面向?qū)?. 。 對(duì)象模型使用的查詢語言與開發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)庫程序所使用的面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)語言是相同的,因?yàn)闆]有像 SQL 這樣簡(jiǎn)單統(tǒng)一的查詢語言,所以會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些問題。雖然數(shù)據(jù)是相同的,但是也必須建立新的數(shù)據(jù)庫。 分層和網(wǎng)狀數(shù)據(jù)庫都是專用程序,如果開發(fā)一個(gè)新的應(yīng)用程序,那么在不同的應(yīng)用程序中保持 數(shù)據(jù)庫的一致性是非常困難的。鏈接到其他一系列子記錄。這種將記錄和鏈接捆綁到一起的方法叫做指針,他是指向一個(gè)記錄存儲(chǔ)位置的存儲(chǔ)地址。查詢優(yōu)化器將這種描述翻 譯為過程執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù)庫操作。 結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言( SQL)是一種在關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫中用于處理數(shù)據(jù)的查詢語言。每個(gè)記錄包含了專用項(xiàng)目的字段值。關(guān)系模型 在 1970 年,數(shù)據(jù)庫研究取得了重大突破。在分層數(shù)據(jù)庫中的每一記錄只能包含一個(gè)關(guān)鍵字段,任意兩個(gè)字段之間只能有一種關(guān)系。分層結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)的典型特征是數(shù)據(jù)之間的一對(duì)多關(guān)系。 分層模型的開發(fā)是因?yàn)榉謱雨P(guān)系在商業(yè)應(yīng)用中普遍存在,眾 所周知,一個(gè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖表就描述了一種分層關(guān)系:高層管理人員在最高層,中層管理人員在較低的層次,負(fù)責(zé)具體事務(wù)的雇員在最底層。一些記錄時(shí)根目錄,在其他所有記錄都有獨(dú)立的父記錄。數(shù)據(jù)庫模型 數(shù)據(jù)庫模型描述了在數(shù)據(jù)庫中結(jié)構(gòu)化和操縱數(shù)據(jù)的方法,模型的結(jié)構(gòu)部分規(guī)定了數(shù)據(jù)如何被描述(例如樹,表等):模型的操縱部分規(guī)定了數(shù)據(jù)添加,刪除,顯示,維護(hù),打印,查找,選擇,排序和更新等操作。 ,在很短的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)用數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)開發(fā)客戶應(yīng)用程序。在提高數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)的價(jià)值和有效性方面正在展現(xiàn)以下一些重要發(fā)展趨勢(shì); 出有效的決策。簡(jiǎn)言之, DBMS 將 “管理 ”存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng),并從公共數(shù)據(jù)庫中匯集所需的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)以回答非程序員的詢問。該功能使決策者能搜索,探查和查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫的內(nèi)容,從而對(duì)在正規(guī)報(bào)告中沒有的,不再出現(xiàn)的且無法預(yù)料的問題做出回答。(這些用戶可以是應(yīng)用程序員,管理員及其他需要信息的人員和各種操作系統(tǒng)程序)。處理與創(chuàng)建,訪問以及維護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)庫記錄有關(guān)的復(fù)雜任務(wù)的系統(tǒng)軟件包叫做數(shù)據(jù)庫 管理系統(tǒng)( DBMS)。通過關(guān)鍵字以及各種分類(排序)命令,用戶可以對(duì)多條記錄的字段進(jìn)行查詢,重新整理,分組或選擇,以實(shí)體對(duì)某一類數(shù)據(jù)的檢索,也可以生成報(bào)表。字段是數(shù)據(jù)存取的基本單位。數(shù)據(jù)庫可以存儲(chǔ)在磁盤,磁帶,光盤或其他輔助存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備上。Database Management Systems 3th Edition Wiley 2021 512 A introduction to Database Management System Raghu Ramakrishnan A database sometimes spelled data base is also called an electronic database referring to any collection of data or information that is specially anized for rapidsearch and retrieval by a puter. Databases are structured to facilitate the storageretrieval modification and deletion of data in conjunction with variousdataprocessing operations .Databases can be stored on magic disk or tape opticaldisk or some other secondary storage device. A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files maybe broken down into records each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields arethe basic units of data storage and each field typically contains informationpertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Usingkeywords and various sorting mands users can rapidly search rearrange groupand select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particularaggregate of data. Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplestdatabases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associatedwith creating accessing and maintaining database records is called a databasemanagement programs in a DBMS package establish an interfacebetween the database itself and the users of the database.. These users may beapplications programmers managers and others with information needs and variousOS programs. A DBMS can anize process and present selected data elements form thedatabase. This capability enables decision makers to search probe and querydatabase conte