【正文】 這可能會提供更多的職業(yè)需求，在這一領(lǐng)域里挽留一些地震學家，并預防90 年代后半期出現(xiàn)人員大批離去。在德國和法國，它被認為是物理學的一部分。它忽視了這樣一個事實 , 地震學是地理學的一個組成部分。除去兩個社團的礦山地震學家， 其他礦山地震學家受雇于礦山并被整合在礦山巖石結(jié)構(gòu)部門。他們分析地震數(shù)據(jù)，并給主要巖石工程師、生 產(chǎn)人員和礦山管理人員提供相關(guān)信息。 1. 簡介 南非的礦山地震學 90 年代初，數(shù)字地震系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和在容易巖層突裂的礦山放置的裝置引起了地震數(shù)據(jù)的增殖和雇傭礦山地震學領(lǐng)域特殊人員。這篇論文以礦業(yè)工程師的新角色在地震活躍的礦山調(diào)查，提出一些關(guān)于能夠提供必要知識技巧的訓練內(nèi)容?，F(xiàn)在地震學服務(wù)與一些礦山脫節(jié)，把控制地震學合同（ seismology contracts）和聯(lián)系供應商的責任留給礦業(yè)工程部門。 同時，用于地震基本數(shù)據(jù)分析的軟件的進步，已經(jīng)通過提供機會給非專業(yè)人員完成多種形式的地震數(shù)據(jù)分析來增加這些必備條件。這就造就一批礦業(yè)工程師的需求。 or in an expanded form: Monitoring objectives, seismic 17 systems designand installation, data collection, data analysis, risk reduction. These are keywords representing five major elements in a loop of continuous improvement aimed at reducing the most pressing seismicity related risks (Figure 2). Risk reduction, the last element, is linked to the first by evaluating the success of risk treatment campaigns and subsequently adjusting monitoring objectives. For instance, once a seismically active remnant has been successfully extracted, there is no longer a need for detailed coverage of this area. Resources can rather be spent on monitoring other sources of seismic energy emission. Rock engineers who wish to familiarise themselves with the full scope of mine seismology, albeit with limited detail, could use the OSCAR model as a memory aid Itexplains the main steps and the functionality of major elements of applied mine seismology. Monitoring objectives Monitoring objectives need to be formulated – and regularly reviewed – to define the desired outes of seismic monitoring on a mine. Three areas need to be visited to derive such objectives: Need What aspect of seismicity needs to be quantified, . which source parameters and at what level of accuracy? Location Where are the areas that experience seismicity, . what is the geographical distribution of seismicity and rock bursts? Method How are objectives to be met, . which resources are available and what is the time frame for implementing the monitoring program? In order to answer the first question, knowledge of the following is required: * Seismic source types * Source parameters* Methods of analysis The second question could be approached by conducting an analysis of geographical distribution of seismicity incidents for which no specialised skills are required. Objectives of Monitoring Seismic Collection of data Analysis amp。 relevant feedback functions More important for rock engineers than detailed technical knowledge is the understanding of seismic data evaluation as a process, . the transformation of raw data with the help of tools and methods into useful seismic information that can be applied to solve rock related problems. The cooperation of recipients of seismic information with work suppliers and those conducting data analysis and evaluation is essential for a successful management of seismic risks. Customer feedback to seismologists in charge of the core process and the core’s feedback to the input side ensure continued exchange and improvement of the overall process (Figure 1). Rock engineering practitioners and production personnel need to formulate their requirements in terms of information type and munication intervals。M Systems and in petition to ISS International, whose main platform at that time was Unix/Linux. In 1998, the Council for Geoscience in Pretoria released SeisHazM [Kijko etal, 1998], a specialised tool for static seismic hazard assessment. This 1software was the main deliverable of SIMRAC project GAP517 and ran under WIN. It allowed users to calculate estimates of maximum expected magnitude and probability of occurrence of seismic events in different magnitude ranges, based on historic data sets recorded in an area. Since 2021, HAMERKOP Scientific Services offers a suite of programs that can perform pecialised types of analyses 15 (GutenbergRichteranalysis, EnergyMoment analysis, various statistical functions) as well as work performance modelling for a given work layout (sensitivity, location accuracy). All of these run on standard office PCs with system requirements lower than those needed for elastic rock mass model ling packages. Following the general trend, ISS International also created WIN based versions of its software for system operation, data processing and data analysis. Tools currently available are considered userfriendly as they only require moderate amounts of training and can be operated on standard office puter hardware. Programs allow even nonseismologists to obtain useful analysis results that can be bined with other geotechnical information to contribute to rock engineering solutions. The opportunity for rock engineering personnel to carry out seismological analysis on an elementary level and the availability of suitable tools partly determines the skill profile of rock engineers. It adds to their required knowledge base and should be acmodated with corresponding training needs. The Process Seismic Data Interpretation Seismic data interpretation, as a process, transforms specific inputs into specific outputs. Formally, interpretation of data is the separator situated between the two as shown in Figure 1. Any person involved with the task of interpretation needs to be familiar with the specifics of the elements entering and leaving the core function of interpretation. The tools and methods of data analysis, the raw data that has been collected with seismic monitoring systems, and the skills and knowledge of those performing the interpretation are most relevant on the input side. On the output side, emphasis rests on the information type supplied to customers and the 1Safety in Mines Research Advisory Committee, S. Africa application of knowledge gained from data. Procedures need to ensure good munication, pliance with requirements and adequate response to the information