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越是耐久的產(chǎn)品,顧客在選擇時(shí)會(huì)越加謹(jǐn)慎 。 如何提高初始使用者的數(shù)量 125 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races ? 力圖告訴顧客他們自己的產(chǎn)品最終將成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在市場(chǎng)上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性型的 “ 預(yù)告 ” 一種產(chǎn)品的問(wèn)世,使消費(fèi)者深信自己跟多了 “ 潮流 ” ? 最后,在補(bǔ)充性的產(chǎn)品上加大投資并向公眾告示原系統(tǒng)將不斷升級(jí)而這些產(chǎn)品將會(huì)免費(fèi)贈(zèng)送 ? 根據(jù)產(chǎn)品的互補(bǔ)關(guān)系和核心產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)壟斷地位,把產(chǎn)品捆綁在一起以低于產(chǎn)品單價(jià)總和的價(jià)格進(jìn)行銷售 126 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 如何鎖定顧客 鎖定的對(duì)象 客戶 供應(yīng)商 合作伙伴 127 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 忠實(shí)顧客計(jì)劃 ? 指顧客重復(fù)購(gòu)買就會(huì)得到回報(bào),明確刺激顧客完全或者主要從單個(gè)銷售者處購(gòu)買 128 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)移成本 ?一、如果你停止從以前的供應(yīng)商處購(gòu)買,你就可能喪失一部分積分, 129 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)移成本 ?二、在使用的基礎(chǔ)上累積更多的福利,越來(lái)越多的公司將根據(jù)顧客的歷史購(gòu)買為他們提供優(yōu)惠待遇, 130 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 供應(yīng)商及合作伙伴 ? 降低成本 ? 提高效率 ? 排擠競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ? 更好的利用合作伙伴 131 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races ( 3)鎖定周期 品牌選擇 A 鎖定 D 試用 B 品牌確立 C 對(duì)該品牌沒(méi)有鎖定偏好 主動(dòng)使用新品牌,進(jìn)行嘗試 顧客習(xí)慣了新品牌且產(chǎn)生偏好 轉(zhuǎn)移成本就異常高 132 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 合作和兼并 —— 建立聯(lián)盟 ? 組成聯(lián)盟 ? 聯(lián)盟間的互聯(lián) 133 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 政府在臨界容量中的作用 ? 政府可以積極的資助,支持和采用新技術(shù),以加速他們的廣泛應(yīng)用 134 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races ? 其他影響因素 ? 事后檢驗(yàn)。 122 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 負(fù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性 ? 擁塞 Email的使用者有可能會(huì)因?yàn)樗俣忍鄲? 123 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races Strategies under critical mass ? 首先,降低產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格,以犧牲短期利潤(rùn)來(lái)獲得長(zhǎng)期的利潤(rùn)。因此用戶在購(gòu)買某件產(chǎn)品后通常還會(huì)購(gòu)買相應(yīng)的硬件和軟件。 當(dāng)新的用戶加入網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí),老用戶從中獲得的額外價(jià)值 ? 主產(chǎn)品和補(bǔ)充產(chǎn)品的相互作用 (兼容) 。 ? 網(wǎng)絡(luò)連線數(shù)量: 1/2(n2n) 121 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的來(lái)源 ? “ 自有價(jià)值 ” (Autarky Value)。 119 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 每一個(gè)使用者的數(shù)量取決于其他使用者的數(shù)量 Price Quantity P1 Q1 bandwagon model 花車效應(yīng)增加了該項(xiàng)服務(wù)對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中每個(gè) 使用者的價(jià)值,即產(chǎn)品的邊際購(gòu)買產(chǎn)生的 效用值高于邊際內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值, Q2 120 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 梅特卡夫定律 ? 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的有用性(價(jià)值)隨著用戶數(shù)量的平方數(shù)增加而增加。 ? 強(qiáng)者更強(qiáng),弱者更弱 115 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 50 市場(chǎng)份額 ( 百分比 ) 100 0 時(shí)間 贏家 輸家 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)區(qū)域 Winnertakeall 116 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 時(shí)間 飽和 起飛 啟動(dòng) 用戶數(shù)量 117 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races ? 在信息經(jīng)濟(jì)中,最豐厚的回報(bào)總是由贏家獲得,而不是第二名 118 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races 網(wǎng)絡(luò)效應(yīng) ? 某一種產(chǎn)品對(duì)用戶的價(jià)值,隨著采用相同產(chǎn)品或可兼容產(chǎn)品的用戶增加而增大。 ? 不同的技術(shù),不同的擴(kuò)散環(huán)境,對(duì)于擴(kuò)散達(dá)到臨界數(shù)量的要求可能都有影響 114 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races Positive feedback and winnertakeall ? 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或更多的公司爭(zhēng)奪正反饋效應(yīng)很大的市場(chǎng)時(shí),只有一個(gè)會(huì)成為贏家。 Critical mass 111 Business Strategy Critical Mass Races Innovation diffusion and critical mass ? 一種創(chuàng)新在一個(gè)社會(huì)系統(tǒng)中的擴(kuò)散,只有使用者達(dá)到系統(tǒng)總?cè)藬?shù)的某一比例后,整個(gè)擴(kuò)散過(guò)程才可以自續(xù) (selfsustaining) 下去 ,這一比例就是臨界數(shù)量。 ? Divestiture(剝離 ) – Sell part of the pany – Case:希爾頓飯店 1995年剝離賭博游藝場(chǎng) ? Liquidation(清算 ) – Sell all parts of the pany (for different purpose) – 《 華爾街 》 80 Session 6 Selecting Strategies ? Selecting strategies: according to the internal and external environments, based on the requirement of business portfolio, to select the most suitable strategies from all possible alternatives. SWOT Model ? How to take advantage of external opportunities and internal strength, and lower the external threats and internal weakness ? Strength: resources, technology, HR, brand and so on – Relatively strong, not absolutely ? Weakness: the bottleneck of the pany – Relative concept – Bottleneck in HR in venture capital industry ? Opportunities: from the macro and industrial environment – The government’s requirement for setting up sewage factories in each city(復(fù)旦水務(wù)的巨大機(jī)會(huì)) – Microsoft faced the antitrust suit ? Threats: from the macro and industrial environment – 2023年國(guó)家降低出口退稅,導(dǎo)致眾多企業(yè)面臨生存危機(jī) – IBM調(diào)整軟件部門給 IT咨詢公司帶來(lái)的威脅 ? Opportunity or threat? – 退稅:國(guó)內(nèi)外,不同類型企業(yè) SWOT Model Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats WO戰(zhàn)略 降低劣勢(shì)型戰(zhàn)略 ?產(chǎn)品開發(fā)( SARS藥品) WT戰(zhàn)略 威脅型戰(zhàn)略 ?榨取或退出 SO戰(zhàn)略 積極發(fā)展型戰(zhàn)略 ?市場(chǎng)滲透(大眾汽車) ST戰(zhàn)略 回避威脅型戰(zhàn)略 ?開發(fā)市場(chǎng) (維維 ) position of the business ? A little simple: opportunities and weaknesses always coexist. The best choice is not easy to find (銀行業(yè)中的四大與其他) ? A little static: trying to find a way from current situation (環(huán)境易變,優(yōu)劣勢(shì)轉(zhuǎn)化) ? SWOT is suitable for rough judge Evaluation of SWOT Matrix for selecting strategies ? Objective: strengthen the advantage and avoid the weakness ? Strategic goals – Strengthen the advantage – Overe the weakness ? Approaches / resources – From internal(自行發(fā)展) – From external( MA) Matrix for selecting strategies By using internal resources By using external resources Overe weakness Enhance strength Development strategy ?integration( Bao steel) ?diversification Development strategy ?diversification ?Integration: lenovo and IBM defensive( Legend 的數(shù)據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)) ?quit ?Improve management development ?Intensive (SGM 的卡迪拉克 ) Strategycategory model ? Developed from BCG matrix ? Speed of the market development – The average growth rate ? Position in the market – Relative market share Weak position Strong position Rapid development Slow development question ?Development strategy ?Exit strategy Dog ?exit ?diversification Star ?concentration ?Vertical integration ?Central diversification Cash cow ?Development strategy ?diversification Comparison of 3 models ? SWOT more popular Factors influencing strategyselection ? Current or former strategies – Sometimes success is the mother of failure:如何突破成功的陰影 – A case of newspaper:內(nèi)容定位差異 (申江服務(wù)導(dǎo)報(bào) )——時(shí)間定位差異(新聞晨報(bào)、午報(bào)、晚報(bào)) ——途徑定位差異(時(shí)代報(bào)) ? Company culture: riskaversion, riskpreference ? The reactions of petitors – Characteristics of the industries(完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、壟斷、寡頭) – 威懾的重要性 (preemption of Dupo