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€”concerning its ultimate effect. There is first the fear that continued expansion in this direction will be acpanied by largescale technological unemployment, and in consequence by acute economic distress and social upheaval. As Mr. Leontief points out in his article, the possibility of disastrous technological unemployment cannot be ruled out on purely theoretical grounds。€”the automatic control system engineer. There has been considerable conversion and retraining of unskilled labor. A slow refashioning of educational facilities, in content as well as in organization, in engineering schools as well as in the research divisions of universities and industries, is in progress. In the main these developments contribute to human welfare.However, mentators on automatic control also see it as a potential source of social evil, and express fears226。€”in mathematics, physics, chemistry, physiology and the sciences of human behavior.Automatic controls have been introduced into modern industry only in part because of the desire to offset rising labor costs. They are in fact not primarily an economy measure but a necessity, dictated by the nature of modern services and manufactured products and by the large demand for goods of uniformly high quality. Many articles in current use must be processed under conditions of speed, temperature, pressure and chemical exchange which make human control impossible, or at least impracticable, on an extensive scale. Moreover, modern machines and instruments themselves must often satisfy unprecedentedly high standards of quality, and beyond certain limits the discrimination and control of qualitative differences elude human capacity. The automatic control of both the manufacturing process and the quality of the product manufactured is therefore frequently indispensable. Once the pleasures of creating and contemplating the quasiorganic unity of selfregulative systems have been learned, it is only a short step to the extension of such controls to areas where they are not mandatory. Economic considerations undoubtedly play a role in this extension, but Messrs. Brown and Campbell are probably at least partly correct in their large claim that the modern development in automatic engineering is the consequence of a point of view which finds satisfaction in unified schemes for their own sake.HOW LIKELY is the total automatization of industry, and what are the broad implications for human welfare of present tendencies in that direction? Crystalgazing is a natural and valuable pastime, even if the visions beheld are only infrequently accurate. Some things, at any rate, are seen more clearly and certainly than others. If it is safe to project recent trends into the future, and if fundamental research in relevant areas continues to prosper, there is every reason to believe that the selfregulation of industrial production, and even of industrial management, will steadily increase. On the other hand, in some areas automatization will never be plete226。 it must learn how signals (or information) may be transmitted and relayed。€”their subtle theoretical elaboration and farreaching practical application226。我將在今后的工作,學(xué)習(xí)中倍加努力,以期能夠取得更多的成果回報(bào)他們,回報(bào)社會(huì)。我還要感謝陪伴我四年的同學(xué),他們都用各種方式關(guān)心我,幫助我,真的很感謝他們,在這里,我只想對(duì)他們說,有你們真好,我祝愿你們?cè)谝院蟮纳罾锬軌蛞环L(fēng)順。不管怎么樣,這次的論文對(duì)我來說都是很嚴(yán)肅的事,里面的內(nèi)容也涉及到了很多其他方面的知識(shí),特別是別的幾個(gè)老師,雖然他們都各自有各自的工作,但是當(dāng)我的論文遇到問題時(shí),他們也是和我一樣的著急,真的是讓他們費(fèi)了不少的心,謝謝你們,還有在這四年里教會(huì)我很多專業(yè)知識(shí)的自動(dòng)化系的老師,謝謝你們讓我懂得了很多,也見識(shí)到很多。第二節(jié) 致謝這次論文的完成首先要感謝我的指導(dǎo)老師汪紀(jì)峰老師,從最開始的選題課,收集資料,還有最后的檢查工作,汪老師都付出了很多的心血,老師平時(shí)的工作很忙,但是不管我遇到什么問題,只要我去找老師,他不管有多忙,都會(huì)笑呵呵的停下手中的工作,很耐心的給我講題。對(duì)其不熟悉的知識(shí)點(diǎn),感覺這個(gè)月我從圖書館借的書比我在大學(xué)期間一年借的書還要多。 圖56 校正后系統(tǒng)在輸入信號(hào)5+t作用下的響應(yīng)曲線 由圖分析知,在校正后,該系統(tǒng)仍然以無誤差跟蹤階躍信號(hào),且以恒定誤差跟蹤速度信號(hào)。b39。 y=lsim(G,u,t)。G=tf(num,den)。num=[37 ]。: 圖55 原系統(tǒng)在輸入信號(hào)5+t作用下的響應(yīng)曲線 由圖分析知,該系統(tǒng)以恒定的誤差跟蹤速度信號(hào),且以無誤差跟蹤階躍信號(hào)。b39。 y=lsim(G,u,t)。 G=tf(num,den)。 num=75。自動(dòng)建立各環(huán)節(jié)的方程,自動(dòng)在給定精度要求下以最快速度進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)仿真;3) 適應(yīng)面廣。SIMULINK是MATLAB軟件的擴(kuò)展,它是實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)建模和仿真的一個(gè)軟件包,它與MATLAB語言的主要區(qū)別在于,其與用戶交互接口是基于Windows的模型化圖形輸入,其結(jié)果是使得用戶可以把更多的精力投入到系統(tǒng)模型的構(gòu)建,而非語言的編程上。除內(nèi)部函數(shù)外,所有的MATLAB主要文件和個(gè)工具箱文件都是可讀,可改的源文件,因?yàn)楣ぞ呦鋵?shí)際上是由一組復(fù)雜的MATLAB函數(shù)(M文件)組成,它擴(kuò)展了MATLAB的功能,用以解決特定的問題,因此,用戶可以通過對(duì)源文件進(jìn)行修改和加入自己編寫的文件去構(gòu)建新的專用工具箱。對(duì)大多數(shù)用戶來說,要想靈活,高效地運(yùn)用這些工具箱,通常都需要學(xué)習(xí)相應(yīng)的專業(yè)知識(shí)。正因?yàn)槿绱?,人們用MATLAB語言編寫程序就有如在便簽上書寫公式和求解,MATLAB被稱為“便簽式”的科學(xué)工程計(jì)算機(jī)語言。它的基本數(shù)據(jù)單元是數(shù)組,這個(gè)數(shù)組不要求固定的大小,因此可以讓用戶解決許多技術(shù)上的計(jì)算問題,特別是那些包括矩陣和大量運(yùn)算的問題。MATLAB的經(jīng)典應(yīng)用包括:數(shù)學(xué)和計(jì)算;運(yùn)算法則;建模和仿真;數(shù)據(jù)分析,研究和可視化;科學(xué)的工程圖形;應(yīng)用程序開發(fā),包括創(chuàng)建圖形用戶接口。MATLAB是一個(gè)高精度的科學(xué)語言,它將計(jì)算,可視化和編程結(jié)合在一個(gè)容易使用的環(huán)境中。MATLAB語言具有較高的運(yùn)算精度。目前,MATLAB可以在各種類型的計(jì)算機(jī)上運(yùn)行,如果單純地使用MATLAB語言進(jìn)行編程,則編寫的程序可以直接移植到其他機(jī)型上使用。 MATLAB 簡(jiǎn)介MATLAB語言除了具有強(qiáng)大數(shù)值計(jì)算和圖形功能外,還有其他語言難以比擬的功能,如其提供的應(yīng)用于許多領(lǐng)域的工具箱。由于MATLAB功能的不斷擴(kuò)展,所以現(xiàn)在的MATLAB不僅僅局限于現(xiàn)代控制系統(tǒng)分析和綜合的應(yīng)用,它已是一種包羅眾多科學(xué)的功能強(qiáng)大的“技術(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)語言(The language of Technical Computing)”,目前這套軟件包括基本程序和各種類型的軟件工具箱。早期主要用于現(xiàn)代控制中復(fù)雜的矩陣,向量的各種計(jì)算。這樣劃分,為系統(tǒng)的分析和研究帶來了很大的方便,對(duì)理解和掌握各種部件對(duì)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)性能的影響。從形式和結(jié)構(gòu)上來看,有各種各樣不同的部件,但從動(dòng)態(tài)性能或數(shù)學(xué)模型來看,卻可以分成為數(shù)不多的基本環(huán)節(jié)。第一節(jié) 原系統(tǒng)物理仿真物理仿真,又稱物理效應(yīng)仿真,指的是研制某些硬件結(jié)構(gòu)(實(shí)體模型),使之可重視系統(tǒng)的各種狀態(tài),而不必采用昂貴的原型,仿真直觀形象,但構(gòu)建模型費(fèi)用高,周期長(zhǎng),修改調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu),參數(shù)困難,受環(huán)境限制和易干擾。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)仿真結(jié)構(gòu)和實(shí)現(xiàn)手段,系統(tǒng)仿真可以分為物理仿真,數(shù)學(xué)仿真,半實(shí)物仿真,人在回路仿真,軟件在回路中仿真。第5章 系統(tǒng)物理模擬隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)和社會(huì)生產(chǎn)的快速發(fā)展,人類研究的系統(tǒng)對(duì)象越來越復(fù)雜,龐大,精密,其復(fù)雜程度早就超出了個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)范圍和控制能力,涉及的時(shí)代和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也越來越高昂。 den=conv([ 1 0],[ 1])。G=*(1+5*s)/(s*(*s+1)*(1+*s)) Transfer function: 37 s + s^3 + s^2 + s bode(G)圖41 校正后系統(tǒng)的波德圖由校正后的系統(tǒng)波德圖知,,穩(wěn)定裕度為0,所以校正后的系統(tǒng)是穩(wěn)定的,且滿足期望指標(biāo)。s39。第六節(jié) 校正方案的確定,且穿越斜率為2,所以可以采用相位超前校正。(4) 因而系統(tǒng)在動(dòng)態(tài)和穩(wěn)態(tài)均不能滿足要求時(shí),可以采用滯后超前校正。一般用于動(dòng)態(tài)平穩(wěn)性要求嚴(yán)格或穩(wěn)態(tài)精度要求較高的系統(tǒng)。在滯后校正中,我們利用的是滯后網(wǎng)絡(luò)在高頻段的衰減特性,而不是相位滯后特性;由于滯后網(wǎng)絡(luò)的衰減作用,使增益交界頻率移到低頻點(diǎn),該點(diǎn)的相位裕量能夠滿足要求。第四節(jié) 滯后校正 圖 42 滯后校正傳遞函數(shù)為:則頻率特性為:極坐標(biāo)的起點(diǎn)為終點(diǎn)為可以證明:(1)(2) 軌跡為下半圓。超前校正對(duì)提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)精度作用不大,并且使系統(tǒng)抗高頻干擾的能力有所下降。第三節(jié) 超前校正 圖 41 超前校正傳遞函數(shù)為:頻率特性為: 可以證明(1)(2) 軌跡為上半圓。開環(huán)頻域指標(biāo)為開環(huán)增益Ko、低頻段斜率v、開環(huán)截至頻率wc, 中頻段斜率vc、中頻段寬度h、幅值裕度Lg、相位裕度、高頻段衰減率vh等基于頻率特性的方法來作系統(tǒng)校正稱為頻率校正。時(shí)域動(dòng)態(tài)性指標(biāo) 通常以系統(tǒng)的階躍響應(yīng)來進(jìn)行描述,常用的時(shí)域動(dòng)態(tài)性指標(biāo)有延遲時(shí)間td 、