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05-第3章--圓錐投影(參考版)

2024-08-05 13:44本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 。故向高緯度變形快于低緯度。它們的緯線長(zhǎng)度比為 n1,n2。 n r???兩邊 取對(duì)數(shù) ln ln ln lnnr??? ? ?在 ?0處展開(kāi)級(jí)數(shù),有 00022000 23303()l n l nl n l n ( ) ( ) ( )2()ln ( )6d n d nnndddnd? ? ? ????????????????? ? ? ????證明(以等角圓錐投影為例): 由緯線長(zhǎng)度變形公式,有 51 式中 ?0為最小長(zhǎng)度比緯線的緯度。 6. 試證明,在圓錐投影中變形自標(biāo)準(zhǔn)緯線向北增長(zhǎng)要快于向南增長(zhǎng)。 N parallel. The projection center is the South pole and the resulting map fits a perfect semicircle. 46 1. 為什么說(shuō)正軸圓錐投影變形僅與緯度有關(guān),而與經(jīng)差無(wú)關(guān)? 2. 正軸圓錐投影沿經(jīng)線長(zhǎng)度比 m中的負(fù)號(hào)是怎樣得出的? 3. 請(qǐng)寫(xiě)出球體(半徑為 R)在正軸圓錐投影中的長(zhǎng)度比、面積比、角度變形公式。s. Meridians converge at the pole nearest the standard parallels。s. These are in fact special cases of the conformal conic, obtained respectively when one pole is the single standard parallel and when the standard parallels are symmetrically spaced above and below the Equator. This projection remained essentially ignored until World War I, when it was employed by the French military. Since then, it has bee one of the most widely used projections for largescale mapping, second only to Mercator39。 S. The same paper (1772) with Lambert39。 N and 10176。 nevertheless, many others are ruled by conic principles, since the cone is a limiting case of both the circle (a cone with no height, and cone constant 1) and the cylinder (a cone with vertex at infinity, with standard parallels symmetrical north and south of the Equator). There is only one type of equalarea conic projection, and only one is conformal. Conic constraints are relaxed by pseudoconic (with curved meridians) and polyconic (with nonconcentric parallels) projections. Conic and coniclike are among the oldest projections, being the base for Ptolemy39。雙標(biāo)準(zhǔn)緯線的選擇通常有兩種情況:預(yù)先選定和由所指定的條件決定。單標(biāo)準(zhǔn)緯線的選擇非常簡(jiǎn)單,只要由制圖區(qū)域南北邊緯線的緯度取中數(shù)并湊整為整度或半度就可以。 ?圓錐投影最適宜用作沿緯線延伸的中緯度地區(qū)的地圖投影。 ?在同一投影區(qū)域內(nèi),割圓錐投影中變形增長(zhǎng)的絕對(duì)值比切圓錐投影要小些。 ?任何圓錐投影的變形,自標(biāo)準(zhǔn)緯線起向高緯度增長(zhǎng)快,向低緯度增長(zhǎng)慢。同一條緯線上變形相等。 40 167。 在斜軸或橫軸圓錐投影中,等高圈投影為一組同心圓?。ㄏ喈?dāng)于正軸投影的緯線),垂直圈投影為過(guò)圓心的一組射線,且兩直線間的夾角與相應(yīng)的兩垂直圈之間的夾角成正比(相當(dāng)于正軸投影的經(jīng)線)。 12211 ??rr????或 39 167。 00 s in ?? n?由 得 又 000 ?? ct gN?因此, 00000 s in ?? ???? srsC所以 38 167。 指定投影區(qū)域中某緯線上長(zhǎng)度比等于 1且為最小 根據(jù)條件,有 n0 = 1。 0)s i n1 1(co s)(022121000000202?? ????? ???? e enrMr sCd nd由此可證明 n0為極小值。 正軸等距離投影的一般公式為: babarsCrnPmyxsCs???????????????2s i n)(,1s i n,c o s?????????????35 依照前面方法,確定長(zhǎng)度比最小的緯線。 N and 60176。 central meridian 100176。 N and 55176。 N and Equator, central meridian 0176。有: ???? MddMddm ????? 或1積分 sCMdC ???? ? ??? 或式中 C為積分常數(shù), s為由赤道至緯度 ?的一段經(jīng)線弧長(zhǎng) 。 32 167。 指定投影區(qū)域中兩條緯線無(wú)長(zhǎng)度變形 根據(jù)指定條件: ?1和 ?2上 n1= n2=1 ,有 n12= n22=1 。 可得: 0020 si nsi n ??? ?? n因?yàn)? 1000 ?? rn??將 ?代入,并導(dǎo)出 ?0,則 000 ?? ct gN?所以 0202 SC ????本投影只有一條無(wú)變形的緯線即單標(biāo)準(zhǔn)緯線,故又稱為 等面積切圓錐投影 。 化簡(jiǎn)得 29 167。為此先求 n2對(duì) ?的一階導(dǎo)數(shù),并使之等于零。s projections. 27 babaPnmrnyxrsCrs??????????????2si n11,si n ,c o s)(222222???????????????本投影中仍有兩個(gè)常數(shù) ? 和 C 待確定。N, lies between Paris and Munich. This projection was employed much less frequently than
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