【正文】 吳紫東 2005年6月10日 于攀枝花學(xué)院機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 Personal puter SystemsWhen you mention the word “technology”, most people think about puters. Virtually every facet of our lives has some puterized ponent. The appliances in our homes have microprocessors built into them, as do our televisions. Even our cars have a puter. But the puter that everyone thinks of first is typical the personal puter ,or PC. A PC is a generalpurpose tool built around a microprocessor. It has lots of different partsmemory, a hard disk ,a modem ,etc.—that work together. “General purpose” means that you can do many different things with a PC. You can use it to type documents, send , browse the Wed and play games.On the Inside Let us take a lood at athe main ponents of a typical desktop puter. Central processing unit(CPU)—The microprocessor “brain” of the puter system is called central processing unit. Everything that a puter does is overseen by the CPU.Memory—This is very fast storage used to hold data. It has to be fast because it connects directly to the microprocessor. There are sever specific types of memory in a puter: Randomaccess memory(RAM)—Used to temporarily store information that the puter is currently worling withReadonly memory(ROM)—A permanent type of memory storage used by the puter for important data that does not changeBasic input/output system(BIOS)—A type of ROM that is used by the puter to establish basic munication when the puter is first turned on.Caching—The storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that connects directly to the CPUVirtual memory—Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as neededMotherboard—This is the main circuit board that all of the other internal ponents connect to. The CPU and memory are usually on the motherboard. Other system may be found directly on the motherboard or connected to it through a secondary connection. For example, a sound card can be built into the motherboard or connected though PCI.Power supply—An electrical transformer regulates used by the puter .Hard disk—This is largecapacity permanent storing used to hold information such as programs and documents.Operating system—This is the basic software that allows the user to interface with the puter.Integrated Drive Electronics(IDE)Controller—This is the primary interface for the hard drive, CDROM and floppy disk drivePeripheral Component Interconnect(PCI) Bus—The mostr mon way to connect additional ponents to the puter, PCI uses a series of slots on the motherboard that PCI cards plug into .SCSI—The small puter system interface is a method of adding additional devices, such as hard drives or scanners, to the puter.AGP—Accelerated Graphics Port is a very highspeed connection used by the graphics card to interface with the puter.Sound card—This is used by the puter to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital information and back again.Graphics card—This translates image data from the puter into a format that can be displayed by the monitor.Connections No matter how powerful the ponents inside your puter are ,you need a way to interact with them. This interaction is called input/output(I/O). The most mon types of I/O in PCs areMonitor—The monitor is the primary device for displaying information from the puter.Keyboard—The keyboard is the primary device for entering information into the puter.Mouse—The mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with the puterRemovable srorage—Removale storage devices allow you to add new information to your puter very easily, as well as save information that you want to carry to a different locationFloppy disk—The most mon form of removable storage , floppy disks are extremely inexpensive and easy to save information to .CDROM—CDROM(pact disc, readonly momory) is a popular form of distribution of mercial software. Many sysrems mow offer CDR (recordable) and CDRW(rewritable), which can also record .Flash memory—Based on a type of ROM called electrically erasable programmable readonly memory (EEPROM), Flash memory provides fast, permanent storage. Compact Flash, Smart Media and PCMCIA cards are all types of Flash memory. DVDROM—DVDROM is similar to CDROM but is capable of holding much more informationPorts Parallel—This port is monly used to connect a printer.Serial—This port is typically used to connect an external modem.Universal Serial Bus (UBS)—Quickly being the most popular external connection, UBS ports offer power and versatility and are incredibly easy to use FireWire(IEEE1394)—FireWire is a very popular method of connecting digital video devices, such as camcorders or digital cameras, to your puter. Internet/network connection Modem—This is the standard method of connecting to the InernetLocal area network(LAN) card—This is used by many puters, particularly those in an Ethernet office network, to connected to each other.Cable modem—Some people now use the cabletelevision system in their home to connect to the Internet Digital Subscriber Line(DSL) modem—This is a highspeed connection that works over a standard telephone lineVery high bitrate DSL(VDSL) modem—A newer variation of DSL, VDSL require that your phone line have fiberoptic cables.From Powerup to Shutdown Now that you are familiar with the parts of a PC, let us see what happens in a typical puter session, from the moment you turn the puter on until you shut it down.You press the “On” button the puter and the monitor.You see the BIOS software doing its thing , called the power selftest(POTS).On many machines, the BIOS displays text describing such data as the amount of memory installed in your puter and the type of hard disk you have .During this boot sequence, the