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尾座體加工工藝及鏜模夾具設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)論文(參考版)

2025-07-01 18:23本頁面
  

【正文】 and steel posed mostly of pearlite can be transformed into a hard steel. As the size of parts to be hardened increases, the surface hardness decreases somewhat even though all other conditions have remained the same. There is a limit to the rate of heat flow through steel. No matter how cool the quenching medium may be, if the heat inside a large piece cannot escape faster than a certain critical rate, there is a definite limit to the inside hardness. However, brine or water quenching is capable of rapidly bringing the surface of the quenched part to its own temperature and maintaining it at or close to this temperature.Under these circumstances there would always be some finite depth of surface hardening regardless of size. This is not true in oil quenching, when。 some are piezoelectric materials。 and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel.Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high masstovolume ratio. Some metal alloys, such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy. Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable.What are some important properties of metals?Density is defined as a material’s mass divided by its volume. Most metals have relatively high densities, especially pared to polymers. Materials with high densities often contain atoms with high atomic numbers, such as gold or lead. However, some metals such as aluminum or magnesium have low densities, and are used in applications that require other metallic properties but also require low weight.Fracture toughness can be described as a material’s ability to avoid fracture, especially when a flaw is introduced. Metals can generally contain nicks and dents without weakening very much, and are impact resistant. A football player counts on this when he trusts that his facemask won’t shatter.Plastic deformation is the ability of bend or deform before breaking. As engineers, we usuallydesign materials so that they don’t deform under normal conditions. You don’t want your car to lean to the east after a strong west wind. However, sometimes we can take advantage of plastic deformation. The crumple zones in a car absorb energy by undergoing plastic deformation before they break.The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties. In metals, the outer valence electrons are shared among all atoms, and are free to travel everywhere. Since electrons conduct heat and electricity, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires. It is impossible to see through metals, since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal. No photons pass through.Alloys are pounds consisting of more than one metal. Adding other metals can affect the density, strength, fracture toughness, plastic deformation, electrical conductivity and environmental degradation. For example, adding a small amount of iron to aluminum will make it stronger. Also, adding some chromium to steel will slow the rusting process, but will make it more brittle. Ceramics and GlassesA ceramic is often broadly defined as any inorganic nonmetallic material. By this definition, ceramic materials would also include glasses。對今后的工作實(shí)踐十分有益。通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)我初步體會到解決工程實(shí)際工作的方法,并學(xué)會了如何把所學(xué)知識技能應(yīng)用于工程實(shí)際中,初步掌握了科學(xué)研究的方法與技巧。在和老師、同學(xué)交流的過程中取長豐富自己的知識面。在整個設(shè)計(jì)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)自己知識的漏洞,有問題會向指導(dǎo)老師學(xué)習(xí)、同學(xué)討論。并且可通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在較短的時間里搜索到自己所需要的資料,從而對整個設(shè)計(jì)過程有了很大的幫助。次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),是我對所學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識、專業(yè)知識、基本技能和專業(yè)技能進(jìn)行的一次全面綜合學(xué)習(xí)過程。通過本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),使我們認(rèn)識到畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是我們走上工作崗位之前在學(xué)校期間對所學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識、專業(yè)知識、基本技能和專業(yè)技能進(jìn)行的一次全面綜合學(xué)習(xí)過程。查《機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊》螺母可提供的夾緊力可知,假設(shè)扳手長度為90mm, 假設(shè)加在扳手上的力為100,則產(chǎn)生的夾緊力,所以能夠完全滿足夾緊需要。查《機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊》。所以,當(dāng)個圓周力方向處于水平方向時,有使工件產(chǎn)生平移的可能。安全系數(shù)K的計(jì)算:根據(jù)公式 進(jìn)行計(jì)算。當(dāng)圓周力向上時,是工件繞的支承板右端最遠(yuǎn)的那一端點(diǎn)回轉(zhuǎn),并有可能抬起工件,此時,利用公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算。所以切削力式中: , 當(dāng)t=3mm時,當(dāng)t=2mm時,孔加工時的總切削力鏜孔時通常軸向力很小且方向不變,因此它對夾緊力影響不大。刀具材料YG6硬質(zhì)合金刀。 夾緊力計(jì)算(估算)總切削力的計(jì)算:由于粗鏜時,切削深度較半精鏜時大,所以粗鏜時切削力最大。為了安裝各元件,鏜模底座上平面,在相應(yīng)位置做出了相配合的凸臺表面,其凸出高度為5mm。鏜模底座要承受包括工件、鏜桿、鏜套、鏜模支架定位元件和夾緊裝置內(nèi)的全部重量,以及加工過程中的切削力。因此,它必須具有足夠的剛性和穩(wěn)定性。其中包括定位元件之間,定位元件與對定元件之間,多個對定元件之間以及定位元件與夾具在機(jī)床工作臺或主軸上安裝用元件之間等幾方面的位置要求,標(biāo)注這些要求,一方面是作為封閉環(huán),在規(guī)定夾具零件相關(guān)尺寸位置和公差時,要予以保證另一方面是用作夾具裝配時的最終精度檢驗(yàn)指標(biāo),裝配位置要求通常按被加工工件上相應(yīng)尺寸及位置公差的1/5—1/3選取,一般當(dāng)工件相應(yīng)尺寸精度要求高應(yīng)取大值,以便于夾具制造。(2)配合尺寸及性質(zhì)如定位元件與夾具體的配合,鉆套與襯套、襯套與夾具體的配合等標(biāo)注配合的意義在于給夾具零件設(shè)計(jì)者作出規(guī)定,并給總圖的閱讀提供方便。由于粗鏜時,切削深度較半精鏜時大,所以粗鏜時切削力最大。而鉆床夾具則常設(shè)計(jì)成框架式,以便鉆套的配置。 設(shè)計(jì)夾具體夾具體應(yīng)能保證夾具的整體剛度和強(qiáng)度,在此前提下,要盡量減輕重量。一般對于雙面單鏜套導(dǎo)引,鏜套長度H一般取H=()d。為避免個別出現(xiàn)過盈現(xiàn)象,裝配時應(yīng)采用修配法,一般配合取。太小,鏜桿與鏜套磨損嚴(yán)重,產(chǎn)生熱量可能會使鏜桿與鏜套咬死,這里取。則其鏜套內(nèi)徑應(yīng)大于刀具直徑,選鏜套內(nèi)徑與鏜桿的配合應(yīng)為間隙配合。鏜套的內(nèi)徑是鏜桿的導(dǎo)桿的導(dǎo)引部分直徑?jīng)Q定的,一般來說,為使刀具從鏜套內(nèi)穿過,則其內(nèi)徑應(yīng)大于刀具直徑。由于前后鏜套已經(jīng)確定了鏜桿的位置,因此鏜桿與機(jī)床主軸之間不可用剛性連接,只能是浮動連接,以避免鏜套中心與機(jī)床主軸不重合時發(fā)生孔徑增大,鏜套拉毛等現(xiàn)象。因此鏜套的設(shè)計(jì)是鏜模設(shè)計(jì)中的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一。鏜桿是依靠鏜套和支架來引導(dǎo)和支承的。 確定刀具的導(dǎo)引方式鏜模中的導(dǎo)引元件,選用固定式鏜套,這是因?yàn)榧庸ち慵r,一次性鏜通孔,不用頻繁的更換刀具及鏜套,而且我們在制定工藝規(guī)程中,采用的鏜削加工速度也不高。因此,將夾緊螺母設(shè)計(jì)在頂面,減輕勞動強(qiáng)度,便于操作。夾緊力應(yīng)保證定位準(zhǔn)確可靠。鏜削的切削力產(chǎn)生的翻轉(zhuǎn)扭矩不很大,因此,手動夾緊已經(jīng)可以滿足。E面一側(cè)用兩個開槽盤頭定位螺釘定位。選用支承板作為小平面式定位。在鏜削加工工序中,是以平面定位的,而這一平面又是精基面,很難保證大平面的平整。兩個支承板位置分布在兩側(cè),比較分散,其形成的受力四邊形面積盡可能大。這樣就確定了工件與刀具間的相對位置。C面為主要定位面,限制了三個自由度。根據(jù)定位基準(zhǔn)選擇的一般原則:選最大尺寸的表面為安裝面(限制3個自由度),選最長距離的表面為導(dǎo)向面(限制2個自由度)。E面作為導(dǎo)向面。工件在夾具中定位的目的,就是要使同一批工件在夾具中占有一定正確的加工位置。設(shè)計(jì)該鏜模夾具,有利于保證加工精度,提高生產(chǎn)率,保證定位準(zhǔn)確,保證夾緊可靠,并盡可能使夾具結(jié)構(gòu)簡單合理,降低成本。如果采用劃線找正的方法加工有一定位置精度的孔時;不僅生產(chǎn)效率低,而且加工質(zhì)量也不高。為了提高生產(chǎn)率,尾架體加工,有必要采用專用夾具來滿足生產(chǎn)率及合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)要求,減輕工人勞動強(qiáng)度。它可靠的保證工件的加工精度,提高加工效率,減輕勞動強(qiáng)度。 用量及工時定額以加工100H7孔為例,確定加工中各個工步的切削用量,機(jī)動時間及工時定額。1)工序尺寸計(jì)算以加工孔為例,設(shè)計(jì)加工方法為:粗鏜—半精鏜—精擴(kuò)—精鉸—細(xì)鉸具體計(jì)算值見表21表21工序尺寸計(jì)算表工序名稱工序余量mm工序達(dá)到的公差等級mm最小極限尺寸mm工序尺寸及極限偏差mm細(xì)鉸100精鉸=精擴(kuò)=半精鏜=粗鏜5=97毛坯孔—975=922)工序間尺寸計(jì)算精鉸孔時,是以E面定位的,而設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)為軸線,因而定位基準(zhǔn)與設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)不重合,因而要進(jìn)行尺寸換算。采用金屬模型鑄造毛坯。 零件加工余量的確定機(jī)械加工余量對工藝過程有一定的影響,余量不夠,不能保證零件的加工質(zhì)量,余量過大,不但會增加機(jī)械加工勞動量,而且增加了材料、刀具、能源的消耗,從而增加了成本,所以必須合理的安排加工余量。3 零件工序設(shè)計(jì)零件機(jī)械加工工藝路線擬定后還需對每一工序進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。尾架體零件應(yīng)盡量選擇設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)為精基準(zhǔn),以Φ100H7孔的軸心線為定位基準(zhǔn),能保證孔的加工精度。是為了能夠在此基準(zhǔn)的定位下,加工出精基準(zhǔn),從而對工件進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的加工。 工藝過程,(參見工藝過程卡) 2) 定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇(1)選擇定位基準(zhǔn):工件的加工部位和各表面相
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