【正文】 朱進忠20040301186 / 186牧民定居現(xiàn)狀分析與發(fā)展對策研究中文摘要自治區(qū)黨委和政府于 1986 年提出草原畜牧業(yè)必須改變四季游牧的生產(chǎn)方式走定居發(fā)展的道路又于 1996 年 5 月在全區(qū)畜牧工作會議上明確提出把實現(xiàn)牧民定居作為改變傳統(tǒng)畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式的中心環(huán)節(jié) 逐步使草原畜牧業(yè)由傳統(tǒng)的四季游牧方式向冷季舍飼 暖季放牧的生產(chǎn)方式轉(zhuǎn)變 從 1987 年至 2000 年的 13 年中 新疆在牧民定居上取得了很大成績到 2000 年底全區(qū)定居半定居牧戶 萬戶占總牧戶數(shù)的 83%定居后牧民歷史性的擁有了自己的耕地 定居點有了一定的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和服務(wù)設(shè)施的建設(shè) 初步建立了暖季放牧冷季舍飼的生產(chǎn)方式改善了牧民生活環(huán)境提高了牧民的科學文化素質(zhì)和生活質(zhì)量新疆的草原畜牧業(yè)從此由傳統(tǒng)的游牧生產(chǎn)方式向現(xiàn)代草原畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變跨出了歷史性的第一步這是牧民定居最大的成果也是 20 世紀末中國牧區(qū)特別是新疆牧區(qū)取得的最卓越的成就本研究以新疆北疆山盆結(jié)構(gòu)的溫性荒漠區(qū)為對象 以昌吉州為代表 通過典型和面上調(diào)查 搞清牧民定居現(xiàn)狀 分析存在的主要問題 提出對策建議 完善牧民定居體系建設(shè) 促進新疆現(xiàn)代草原畜牧業(yè)的發(fā)展 根據(jù)研究 新疆北疆牧區(qū)牧民定居現(xiàn)狀存在不同的定居類型即半定居 初級定居 插花定居 生態(tài)移民游牧 對照模式 和非牧經(jīng)營定居戶等五種牧民定居中存在的主要問題1 對牧民定居的認識不夠 把牧民定居與牧民定居點建設(shè)混同起來 定居點建設(shè)距 三通 四有 五配套 的要求還有很大差距 更缺乏生產(chǎn)變革的有力措施 很少涉及到草地生態(tài)修復(fù)和建設(shè) 沒有實現(xiàn)定居的生態(tài)效益2 牧民定居點發(fā)展的人工飼草料基地面積不足 生產(chǎn)水平低 不能滿足牲畜冷季舍飼需要 實現(xiàn)暖季放牧冷季舍飼的生產(chǎn)變革 因此 畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式還沒擺脫 靠天養(yǎng)畜 的生產(chǎn)模式 牧區(qū)原來的生產(chǎn)組織形式?jīng)]有改變 不利于定居后的新生產(chǎn)方式的發(fā)展3 畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平低 商品畜產(chǎn)品少 缺乏二 三產(chǎn)業(yè)增收途徑 牧民收入的提高緩慢 針對上述問題 提出的對策為1提高和統(tǒng)一對牧民定居實質(zhì)的認識規(guī)范牧民定居的科學內(nèi)涵2建立牧民定居評價體系3 實施天然草地的合理利用配置4 提高草牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)的科技水平 發(fā)展專業(yè)化的種植業(yè)生產(chǎn) 完善畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)體系 提高廣大牧民的科學文化素質(zhì) 生產(chǎn)組織方式的改革5 全面實施新一輪的牧民定居工程總體規(guī)劃 完善牧民定居點基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè) 加大牧民定居工程力度關(guān)鍵詞 牧民定居現(xiàn)狀分析存在問題對策研究Analysis of the Situation and Study on the Development Strategyof Settlement for Herdsmen (Grassland Resource and Ecology)Supervised by Prof. Xu Peng and Prof. Zhu JinzhongABSTRACTThe government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region brought forward that we shouldchange nomadism into settlement in 1986, and regarded that the reality of it was an important stepto change the traditional stockbreeding production mode into grazing in warmseason and yardfeeding in coldseason in May 1996. We have already made notable progress of settlement in these13 years from 1987 to 2000. Until the end of 2000,the herdsmen families of settlement orhalfsettlement had reached thousand, 83% of the total. After settlement, herdsmen havetheir own land and the settlement places have definitely owned some basic and servingestablishments. The production mode of grazing in warmseason and yard feeding in coldseasonhas founded primarily, and the habitation of herder, has been ameliorated. Their science culturediathesis and standard of living have been also improved. The production mode ofgrasslandstockbreeding of Xinjiang has stridden the first step from the traditional nomadism tomodern grasslandstockbreeding. It is the most important fruit of settlement, and is also the mostprominent achievement in pasturing area of China, especially in that of Xinjiang, in the end of the20th century. In the thesis, Changji state is selected as the representative area to study the problem.The situation of settlement for herdsmen is achieved through investigation, and the main existentproblems are analyzed. And then, bring forward strategy, perfect the system, and promote thedevelopment of grasslandstockbreeding in Xinjiang. According to the study, there are fivedifferentsettlementstyles,halfsettlement,primarysettlement,insertsettlement(ecologyimmigrant), nomadism(parisonmode), and nonherdsettlement in the northern partof Xinjiang. The main problems existed in this process are followed. (1)People are short ofunderstanding to settlement, and regard settlement as the construction of settlement place, whichis not reached to the request. Be short of the efficient measure to transform the production. Therestoration and construction to the grassland ecology are little involved, and the ecological benefitbrought by settlement has not been realized. (2)The settlement place has no enough artificialgrassland, and the lower productivity can not be satisfy with the request of livestock by yardfeeding in coldseason. So the production mode of stockbreeding and production organizing formstill remain traditional. That is not benefit for the development of the new production mode aftersettlement (3) The level of the stockbreeding productivity is lower, animal product is fewer, andthe approach of increasing ine is narrower. So the ine of herder is improved slowly.Strategies brought forward are followed. (1) Reinforce and consolidate the understanding to theessential of settlement. Give a criterion to the scientific connotation of settlement. Definitude thebasic target to settlement. Establish the mode of settlement. (2) Constitute the appraised system ofsettlement. (3) Implement the reasonable model of grassland utilization (4) Break through themain key technique. Develop the specialized production of plantation, perfect the techniqueproduction system, improve the science culture diathesis of the herder, and reform the productionorganizing form. (5) Implement the new collectivized programming to settlement, perfect basicestablishment of the settlement places, and strengthen the implement of the settlement project.Key Words: herdsmen settlement, situation analysis, problem, strategy1 立題依據(jù)與研究設(shè)計研究意義定居提出的背景和發(fā)展天然草地是地球上重要的綠色植被 具有重要的生態(tài)屏障和自然資源價值 天然草地的生態(tài)功能主要表現(xiàn)在 涵養(yǎng)水源 抗蝕改土 凈化美化環(huán)境作用重大 特別是面積大 生態(tài)適應(yīng)范圍大 分布廣對生態(tài)環(huán)境保護具有更廣泛的意義許鵬 2000天然草地占據(jù)著地球上森林與荒漠 冰原之間的廣闊的中間地帶 草地的這種中間生態(tài)位使她在地球的環(huán)境與生物多樣性保護方面具有極其重大和不可代替的作用張新時 2000草地的生態(tài)功能和資源價值非其他生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可以置換和替代 并與森林生物多樣性相互聯(lián)系構(gòu)成天然綠色屏障徐柱 2002天然草地除了重要的生態(tài)屏障以外 是畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)的物