【正文】 Scollon, 2000). It refers roughly to a set of claims one makes regarding his or her characteristics and traits. These characteristics and traits are usually what a society thinks are good and desirable. Having any of these characteristics been called into question leads to a loss of social standing to others in society. He or She thus loses face, fe。 however, with that attitude she would not reach her customers, who are from East Asian countries. The result would have been a severe restriction of her business practice. Instead, her ability to municate in a foreign language and at the same time understand the cultural background of her clientele makes her successful.UNIT 2 Communication and CulturePart Three ExercisesSection A Culture Quiz1. Watch the video CollectivismIndividualism Through Dance to learn some differences between meculture and weculture and fill in the following blanks, and then explain why the student and the teacher have their different opinions on the same answer in the exam.Meculture means individualistic culture which plays individual first. People from individualistic cultures like the United States and Western Europe are more likely to value uniqueness over harmony, expression over agreement, and to define themselves as unique or different from the group, Weculture means collectivist culture which plays group first. People from collectivist cultures are more likely to value social harmony over individuality. Relative to people in an individualistic culture, they are more likely to endorse behaviors that increase group cohesion and interdependence,2. The following is a munication model. Would you please fill in the missing elements based on what you have learned in Passage One, and then retell the process of munication in your own words? Section D Case StudiesCase 1 Am I a Good Teacher? ExplanationTheir different understanding of territory and their different cultures caused the conflict in this case. In Sarah’s opinion, her apartment is her territory. Though she invites the students into her sitting room, it doesn’t mean that they can go into her study and read her book. As for the boy, he obviously doesn’t know the British way of being a guest. In China, if you are invited into others’ house, it means you are permitted into any room with an open door without asking for permission. To search through the house is impolite, but to read the book on the desk seems acceptable. But for Sarah, that is her private thing. Anyone who would like to touch it should get her permission.The significance and understanding of territory differs from one culture to another. In China, when being invited to a house, guests are permitted into rooms with an open door and can touch things on the table or sofa. If some room is considered inappropriate to let the guests in, the host may close it or even lock it. The things that the host doesn’t want the guests to touch will be put away before they e. So things that are unlocked usually mean no secrets. As for British, the house is one’s territory, and without permission, no one can enter any room, no matter whether it’s open or not. Likewise，without asking for permission, one is not expected to touch other’s possessions, even though they are placed by your hand. Generally speaking, Westerners have a stronger sense of claiming territory and protecting privacy.Because Sarah and the boy have different views about territory, misunderstanding arises, which even leads Sarah to think of quitting the job. Perhaps she believes that the students don’t respect her and don’t appreciate her teaching. The fact is that the boy just does something he usually does in his friend’s house. So if you are invited to a foreigner’s house, you should “do in Rome as the Romans do”.Case 2 First Name or Last Name?ExplanationIt is because they have different cultural backgrounds. There is a tendency in American business circles to prefer close, friendly, egalitarian (平等的) relationships in business engagements. This system of symmetrical solidarity (一致) is often expressed in the use of given (or “first”) names in business encounters. Mr. Richardson feels most fortable in being called Andy, and he would like to call Mr. Chu by his first name. At the same time, he wishes to show consideration of the cultural differences between them by avoiding Mr. Chu’s western name, David. His solution to this cultural difference is to address Mr. Chu by the given name he sees on the business card, Honfai.Mr. Chu, on the other hand, prefers an initial business relationship of symmetrical deference (尊敬). He would feel more fortable if they called each other Mr. Chu and Mr. Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North America he learned that Americans feel unfortable calling people Mr. for extended period of time. His solution was to adapt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations.When Mr. Richardson insists on using Mr. Chu’s Chinese given name, Honfai, Mr. Chu feels unfortable. The name is rarely used by anyone, in fact. What Mr. Richardson does not know is that Chinese have a rather plex structure of names which depends upon situations and relationships, which includes school names, intimate and family baby names, and even western names, each of which is used just by the people with whom a person has a certain relationship. Isolating just the given name, Honfai, is relatively unusual and to hear himself called this by a stranger makes Mr. Chu feel quite unfortable. His reaction, which is also culturally conditioned, is to smile.Unfortunately, Mr. Richardson is not aware that one means of expressing acute embarrassment for Mr. Chu is to smile. While within North American culture there is consciousness of what might be called “nervous laughter”, there is a general expectation that a smile can be taken as a direct expression of pleasure or satisfaction. Mr. Richardson mis