【正文】 this is the munication of diplomacy and propaganda. Still others are interested in munication inherent in international business, which includes such diverse concerns as negotiations and munication within multicultural organizations.Our concern is with the more personal aspects of munication: What happens when people from different cultures interact facetoface? Hence, our approach examines the interpersonal dimensions of intercultural munication as it occurs in various contexts. We focus on those variables of both culture and munication that e into play during the munication encounter 一 that time when participants from different cultures are trying to share ideas, information, and feelings.Inquiry into the nature of intercultural munication has raised many questions, but it has produced few theories and far fewer answers. Most of the inquiry has been associated wit fields other than munication, primarily anthropology, international relations, social psychology, and socio and psycholinguistics. Although the range of research topics has been wide, the knowledge gained has not sociological, racial, and ethnic concerns than an attempt to define and explain intercultural munication, but it is clear that knowledge of intercultural munication can help solve munication problems before they arise. Schoolteachers who understand cultural differences in motivation and learning styles are better able to deal with their multicultural classrooms. Even something as simple as。Case Study Case 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in municating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard’s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and plimented the artist by saying, “What beautiful frames your pictures are in.”In Japan the situation may be more plicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself—be it a family or a vast corporation —is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard’s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it es to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, “Help yourself”； for the English counterpart, “Be my guest.” American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who “makes himself at home,” even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case 2A mon cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct munication style and indirect munication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that’s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect munication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would bee more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in th