【正文】
Example ? 習(xí)題: P164 第一題 。 ? (3) the cyclopropanation is stereospecific, so the stereochemical information in the alkene substrates is translated to the products。 ? 2. 反應(yīng)機(jī)理 ? 3. 影響因素 ? Aliphatic aldehydes usually give lower yields; ? αChloro esters are preferable to bromo or iodo esters, since they give higher yields; ? αhalo sulfones,nitriles,ketones, ketimines, thiol esters,or amides,can also be used to obtain the corresponding derivatives; ? 4. 應(yīng)用特點(diǎn) ? 醛、酮同系化 C+1 布洛芬的合成 第六節(jié) 環(huán)加成反應(yīng) ? EDG (electrondonating group)= alkyl, Oalkyl, Nalkyl, etc. ? EWG (electronwithdrawing group) = CN, NO2, CHO, COR, COAr, CO2H, CO2R, COCl etc. 一、 DA反應(yīng) Mechanism ? ( 3)影響因素及應(yīng)用特點(diǎn) ? ①共軛二烯雙鍵必需是順型的 ? ②順式原理 ? ③ 內(nèi)向加成原理 ? ④加成定位規(guī)則 Example ? 二、 1,3偶極環(huán)加成 ? 1. Azomethine Ylides ? 2. Azomethine Imines ? 3. Nitrones ? 4. Azides ? 5. O3 / Carbonyl Oxides ? 三、碳烯、氮烯對(duì)不飽和鍵的加成 ? Carbene電中性二價(jià)碳中間體,兩電子自選方向相同為三線態(tài),相反為單線態(tài) ? 單線態(tài)與烯烴的反應(yīng)有立體定向性 ? 三線態(tài)與烯烴的反應(yīng)不具有立體定向性 SimmonsSmith cyclopropanation. ? (1) a wide range of alkenes can be used: simple alkenes, α,βunsaturates ketones and aldehydes, electron rich alkenes 。 ? 2. Stobbe 反應(yīng) ? ( 1)反應(yīng)通式 ? ( 2)反應(yīng)機(jī)理 ? ( 3)應(yīng)用 ? 制備烯酸 3. Perkin反應(yīng) (1) 反應(yīng)通式 ? ( 2)反應(yīng)機(jī)理 ? ( 3)影響因素 ? ①芳香醛結(jié)構(gòu)影響 ? 吸電子活性增強(qiáng),給電子相反 碘番酸中間體 ? ②催化劑的影響 ? 相應(yīng)羧酸的鉀鹽、鈉鹽;銫鹽效果更好 ? ( 4)應(yīng)用 第五節(jié) a、 b 環(huán)氧烷基化反應(yīng)(Darzens反應(yīng) ) ? 1. 反應(yīng)通式 ? EWG = CO2R, CN, SO2R, CONR2, C(=O), C(=NR)。 ? the stereoselectivity, Eor Zselectivity, is influenced by many factors: type of ylide, type of carbonyl pound, nature of solvent; ? The Wittig reaction has several important variants: HWE Reaction ? ① the phosphonate carbanions are more nucleophilic than the corresponding phosphorous ylides, so they readily react with practically all aldehydes and ketones under milder reaction conditions; ? ② the byproduct dialkyl phosphates are watersoluble,