【正文】 provoke 引起；招致that animals sh。得分重點(diǎn)：賓語從句 ，as的用法， 多重后置定語73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：73) 簡(jiǎn)單句It // leads the discussion to // extremes // 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)at the outset: // 復(fù)合句it // invites you to // think // 賓語從句that animals // 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)should be treated // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 either 介詞短語作方式狀語with the consideration // 定語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)（that）humans // extend to // other humans, // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 or // 介詞短語作方式狀語 with no consideration at all.詞義推敲：it 指代“the point”（這種觀點(diǎn)，這種說法）。 maintain or contend 堅(jiān)持，主張列舉證明極力列舉理由以證明；堅(jiān)持或主張social contract 社會(huì)契約contract：an agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law 合同，契約兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上當(dāng)事人之間達(dá)成的一種協(xié)議，尤指具有法律效力的書面協(xié)議as part of 作為(是)……的一部分exchange：to give in return for something received。這種問法不恰當(dāng)，因?yàn)檫@種問法假設(shè)人們對(duì)人權(quán)有共同的認(rèn)識(shí)，這種共同的認(rèn)識(shí)是（世界上）沒有的。assume：to take for granted。it主語代詞，根據(jù)上下文意思這種問法，這種說法。t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：71) 狀語結(jié)構(gòu)Actually, // 主句it // isn39。這種本能應(yīng)該得到鼓勵(lì)，而不應(yīng)遭到嘲笑?？吹絼?dòng)物受苦足以使大多數(shù)人產(chǎn)生同情感。道德推理的最初級(jí)形式，和學(xué)習(xí)爬行的論理一樣，是針對(duì)自身利益去權(quán)衡他人利益。這種看法似乎是大膽的“邏輯推理”。任何關(guān)心動(dòng)物疾苦的想法都是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樗褢?yīng)該用來關(guān)心其他人的同情感用到關(guān)心動(dòng)物的身上?！　≡S多人否認(rèn)這種提法。這是一處錯(cuò)誤的選擇。這種認(rèn)識(shí)不僅剝奪了動(dòng)物的權(quán)利，而且也剝奪了某些人的權(quán)利，例如嬰兒，他們是不會(huì)用腦力來思考問題的未來一代人。（71）事實(shí)并非如此，因?yàn)檫@種問法是以人們對(duì)人的權(quán)利有一種共識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共識(shí)并不存在。s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.精美譯文：動(dòng)物有權(quán)力嗎?問題通常就是這樣提出的。 interests against one39。t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don39。s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：75) 主句 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 New forms of / thought // as well as // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 new subjects for / thought // 謂語must arise // 時(shí)間狀語in the future // 方式狀語從句as // they // have 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（arisen） // in the past, // 現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語giving rise to // new standards of / elegance.詞義推敲：New forms of thought 新的思維方式new subjects for thought 新的思維對(duì)象must：必然，必定as they have in the past：就像過去一樣they：指代“new forms of thought”和“new subjects for thought”giving rise to 給出，產(chǎn)生，帶來new standards of elegance 新的完美的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考譯文：同過去一樣，（將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新的完美的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。 captivating 魅惑的具有迷人或誘惑的力量；有魅力的delightful：greatly pleasing 令人高興的，使人愉快的aspects 原義是方面，聯(lián)系上下文譯成“課題/問題”參考譯文：然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無法解決世界上某些更加（引人入勝/吸引人、令人高興）的課題的。s / more fascinating and delightful aspects.詞義推敲：the world is so made 直譯：世界就是這樣構(gòu)成的；意譯：世界就是如此/這樣。得分重點(diǎn)：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world39。 usually 普遍地；通常地done 解決by doing sth. 通過……，以……not … but … 不是……而是……，沒有……但有……not related to 與……無關(guān)relate：to bring into or link in logical or natural association 使有聯(lián)系使有邏輯的聯(lián)系或有自然的聯(lián)系immediate goals 當(dāng)前目標(biāo)immediate：of or relating to the present time and place。mostly effectively done：有效解決。came to the conclusion 得出了一個(gè)結(jié)論that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句the specific demands 具體要求make… of… 向……提出scientific establishment 科研機(jī)構(gòu)establishment：a public or private institution, such as a hospital or school 私人公共機(jī)構(gòu)一個(gè)公共或私人機(jī)構(gòu)，如醫(yī)院或?qū)W校cannot be forseen 無法預(yù)見in detail 詳盡參考譯文：這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。得分重點(diǎn)：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，多重定語72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：72) 主句This trend // began // 介詞短語作時(shí)間狀語during the Second World War, // 定語從句when // several govemments // came to / the conclusion // 同位語從句that the specific demands // 定語從句that 主語a government // 謂語wants to / make 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)of // its scientific establishment // 同位語從句的謂語cannot generally 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)be foreseen // in detail.詞義推敲：this trend 這種趨勢(shì)when引到定語從句，前面一般有表示時(shí)間的名詞作先行詞。 an oute 結(jié)果，后果一種特殊的行動(dòng)、運(yùn)行或過程的結(jié)果；結(jié)果others：指代關(guān)系。（75）同過去一樣，將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。人們往往將好科學(xué)與該科學(xué)是否有能力提出一套完美的理論混淆起來。資助機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)是支持“好”的科學(xué)，而不資助“壞”的科學(xué)，那是值得贊揚(yáng)的。根據(jù)某一項(xiàng)目是否有效來做出決策是明確無誤的。（73）給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來通常能有效地解決這個(gè)問題。因此，將科研機(jī)構(gòu)視為一種資源或一臺(tái)機(jī)器，應(yīng)維持其良好的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。（72）這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國家的政府得出結(jié)論:政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。然而，有些發(fā)展速度的差異其原因就不盡合理，這是因?yàn)槟承?quán)威人干對(duì)科學(xué)理論研究應(yīng)采取何種形式有先入為主的想法，這些想法起了改變不同科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展模式的作用。（71）在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會(huì)需求。 but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support , like all government support , requires decisions about the appropriate