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53. Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with the。s threeyearold hatecrimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:在for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語中,that引導(dǎo)定語從句來修飾bill。 and state legislators39。52.Gaither39。 “according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute”做狀語;“a research center in San Francisco”是“the Justice Policy Institute”的同位語。51.Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenilejustice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:這是一個比較長的簡單句。50. Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brandswhich could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:that之后是一個賓語從句;by之后的動名詞來做賓語從句的狀語;賓語從句中which又引導(dǎo)了一個非限制性定語從句。without后面要跟動名詞giving。譯文:組織工作場所的新方法包括機構(gòu)重組和縮小規(guī)模,這些只是促進某個經(jīng)濟實體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項措施,還有其他許多因素可以促進生產(chǎn)率的提高,比如對機械設(shè)備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術(shù)、對教育培訓(xùn)投資等。Such as后面的內(nèi)容是對many other factors的列舉。因此,還不能得出經(jīng)濟已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇態(tài)勢這一結(jié)論。后一個that引導(dǎo)的是修飾rebound的定語從句?,F(xiàn)在水庫積滿泥沙,幾乎不能用于發(fā)電了。注意so…that…結(jié)構(gòu),是“如此……以至于”的意思。for example是個插入結(jié)構(gòu),不是句子的主要成分。譯文:這種反應(yīng)本身沒有錯,這是人類道德觀念在進行推理時,本能在起作用,這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。前面的復(fù)合句里,when that happens是時間狀語從句。s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子主干是When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is …instinct…, an instinct that should be…。譯文:這類人持極端看法,認(rèn)為人與動物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同,對待動物無須考慮道德問題。譯文:有些哲學(xué)家主張說,權(quán)利只存在于社會契約中,是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。43.Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子主干是Some philosophers argue that…。這個從句中,主語an agreed account of human rights由一個which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾,而這個非限制性定語從句中又有一個限制性定語從句the world does not have來修飾something。t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子主干是Actually it isn’t…。因為傳統(tǒng)的分析方法表明,兩國尤其是美國的經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn),幾乎沒有閑置的生產(chǎn)資源。Since引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語從句。s, have little productive slack.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子主干是Economists have been…surprised。譯文:去年,%,接近30年來最低水平,%,比許多國家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。狀語成分可以置句首,也可以置句末,并無規(guī)定。close to相當(dāng)于省略了which was的非限制性定語從句。他宣布公司將發(fā)起一次活動,以制定有關(guān)發(fā)行和標(biāo)識可能招致大眾反對的音樂的各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。第二個分句中有一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。譯文:依賴最初表現(xiàn)為忍耐力增強,用量越來越大才能達到預(yù)期效果,一旦停用就會產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。with引導(dǎo)的是伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語,修飾的是整個第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。譯文:在我們生活的社會里,物質(zhì)(藥品)被廣泛地運用于社交和醫(yī)療,比如說服用阿司匹林來緩解頭疼,喝酒來應(yīng)酬,早晨喝咖啡來提神,吸煙來鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。該從句的分句謂語動詞是is而不是are,是因為在這個從句中主語是use,而不是substances。此句句子雖長,但是結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜,可以從冒號開始分為兩個部分。譯文:獨自旅行時,如果沒有了食物,受了傷或者生了病,通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。traveling是現(xiàn)在分詞,是修飾someone的定語。譯文:對于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達爾文的肺癌患者尼克遜來說,這個法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去,而無須終日擔(dān)心將要到來的折磨:因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。For Lloyd Nickson, 是狀語,“a 54 years old…cancer”為Lolyd Nicks的同位語。譯文:同過去一樣,將來必然會出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對象,給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。as在這里引導(dǎo)狀語從句as they have in the past,have后省略了arisen,其內(nèi)容與本句主語一致。34.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子主干是New forms…must arise…as they have in the past。譯文:然而,世界就是這樣。s more fascination and delightful aspects. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子主干是However, the world is so made that…systems are…unable to deal with some of the…aspects。32.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子主干是This seems…done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…,not…but句型,意為“不是……而是……”譯文:給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān),但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持,看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。第二個that引導(dǎo)的是修飾demands的定語從句。 譯文:在這些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求,另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的,某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。主語是some of these causes,實際的主語就是some,不過謂語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。譯文:羅博特?富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫道,機械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍,像詩人對待字母表中的每個字母一樣,把它們作為自己的思路展示,每一個新組合都傳遞一個新概念。他們與群體之外的人沒有聯(lián)系,只是分取紅利,偶爾參加股東會議,對管理人員發(fā)號施令。注意后面還有attending和drawing并列。retire on指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名詞)”。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個典型的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu),分句由who…,and who…兩個并列結(jié)構(gòu)組成。28.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large “Comfortable classes who had retired on their ines, and who had no relation to the rest of the munity except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders39。譯文: 對資本和企業(yè)進行大規(guī)模的非個人操縱,大大增加了股東作為一個階級的數(shù)量和重要性。 and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Such large, impersonal manipulation greatly increased …shareholders as a class, an element…主語和賓語都有較長的短語和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定,并且分句是由兩個and相連的3個部分組成的。譯文: 雖然在某處已經(jīng)開始的生命中,可能僅有百分之一會發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的形式,但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多,以致于有智慧的生命,一定是宇宙的一個天然組成部分。此從句中套嵌一個關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾life。主句為so…that…結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句,因強調(diào)vast,so vast放在句首進行倒裝,正常語序為the number of planets is so vast that…。即使當(dāng)場被抓住,警察也難以證明那是偷來的。 proving是現(xiàn)在分詞,修飾trouble。此從句中又有which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the chip。這是一個并列復(fù)合句,兩個句子由so連接。在公眾的心目中,該品牌同關(guān)系到動物權(quán)利的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)息息相關(guān)。beauty products譯為“美容產(chǎn)品”。when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。而在現(xiàn)在,正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長式制度下的雇主們,卻常常對他們的工人有這樣的私人關(guān)系。acting for the pany做the paid manager的定語,which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away做that familiar personal knowledge的定語,now passing away做the old family business的定語。譯文:這樣的股東,對他擁有股份的公司里所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無所知,而且他們對勞資雙方的關(guān)系,也不會產(chǎn)生積極的影響。and連接兩個并列的分句。譯文:盡管人們常說一個人從來不知道是否遭到閃電的襲擊,但是一個人有時能感覺到閃電的到來,如果動作快,就能及時采取保護措施。主句中if quick enough補充完整為if he is quick enough,是條件狀語從句,為take action的前提條件。and連接兩個并列的謂語動詞。譯文:因此,如果在某些教科書里你碰到某些詞組是你從未見過的,你不必驚訝。主句是you can fort yourself that…,這里的that引導(dǎo)賓語從句,而關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾native speaker。在后面句子中,you hear…是省略了關(guān)系副詞when的定語從句,修飾next time。在前面句子中,if引導(dǎo)狀語從句。and next time…,you can fort yourself that…。20. So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks。impetus意為“動力,促進”。句中scholarly做“博學(xué)多才”講。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾Latin terms。19. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of