【正文】 the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and 。s Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (18611939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the handeye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismith39。s ball is in (7274 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, position, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the ball39。s National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basketballs range in size from in (7276 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 1822 oz (510624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in men39。t e naturally or easily to them, and so they are trying to follow a predetermined set of rules. Some individuals with autism have normal intelligence, and many have special talents in areas such as music or memory. However, individuals with autism may have other mental or emotional problems that coexist with their autism. Some of these other disorders may include impulse control disorders, obsessivepulsive disorder , mood and anxiety disorders, and mental retardation . PSYCHOLOGICAL AND FAMILY FACTORS. Although Henry Maudsley, in the late 1800s, was the first psychiatrist to focus on very young children with mental disorders, it was the psychiatrist Leo Kanner who coined the phrase early infantile autism in 1943. Kanner believed that the parents of children with autistic behaviors were emotionally cold and intellectually distant. He coined the term refrigerator parents to describe them. His belief that parental personality and behavior played a powerful role in the development of autistic behaviors left a devastating legacy of guilt and selfblame among parents of autistic children that continues to this day. Recent studies are unequivocal, however, in demonstrating that parents of autistic children are no different from parents of healthy children in their personalities or parenting behaviors. In fact, many families with an autistic child also have one or more perfectly healthy children. Because autistic children can be extremely sensitive to change, any change within the family situation can be potentially traumatic to the autistic child. A move, divorce, birth of a sibling or other stressors that occur in the lives of most families may evoke a more extreme reaction from an autistic child. While there is no single neurological abnormality found in children with autistic disorders, some research using noninvasive brain imaging techniques such as magic resonance imaging (MRI) suggests that certain areas of the brain may be involved. Several of the brain areas being researched are known to control emotion and the expression of emotion. These areas include the temporal lobe (large lobe of each side of the 上海交通大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 賽諾菲公司開拓國內(nèi)市場的營銷策略分析 第 18 頁共 13 頁 brain that contains a sensory area associated with hearing), the limbic system, the cerebellum, the frontal lobe, the amygdala, and the brain stem, which regulates homeostasis (body temperature and heart rate). Recent research has focused particularly on the temporal lobe because of the finding that previously healthy people who sustain temporal lobe damage may develop autisticlike symptoms. In animal research, when the temporal lobe is damaged, social behavior declines, and restless, repetitive motor behaviors are mon. When measured by MRI, total brain volume appears to be greater for those with autistic disorders. Other neurological factors include lesions to the brain, congenital rubella, undiagnosed and untreated phenylketonuria (PKU), tuberous sclerosis, and Rett39。相信多年后我還會記憶猶新，對這里的人和物，都心懷感恩。 最后感謝母校的栽培，學(xué)校為我們提供了應(yīng)有的學(xué)習(xí) 環(huán)境與各種學(xué)習(xí)生活設(shè)施。 首先我要感謝的便是我的導(dǎo)師 侯興政 老師，在寫作中遇到困難時(shí)，他總是能像知心朋友一樣鼓勵(lì)我。它對于我而言不單單是一項(xiàng)必須完成的學(xué)業(yè)任務(wù)，同時(shí)在寫作期間也傾注了自己的 心血與精力，還有最珍貴的大學(xué)回憶。 作為世界排名前十位的賽諾菲制藥公司，理應(yīng)抓住當(dāng)前的政策機(jī)遇、政治環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的優(yōu)勢， 從產(chǎn)品服務(wù)、價(jià)格、營銷渠道、促銷策略著手， 強(qiáng)化產(chǎn)品的差異化戰(zhàn)略，針對不同的醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品制定合理的價(jià)格，加大品牌的宣傳力度，鎖定中高端客戶為目標(biāo)，定期進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)推廣，積極維護(hù)公共關(guān)系，從而順利 打入我國內(nèi)地的制藥市場 ，提高公司的經(jīng)營效益，擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品的知名度。 上海交通大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 賽諾菲公司開拓國內(nèi)市場的營銷策略分析 第 14 頁共 13 頁 第五章 結(jié)論 隨著醫(yī)療改革制度的全面深入發(fā)展 ， 我國對于制藥企業(yè) 、 制藥產(chǎn)品的重視度也越來越高 。而 公共關(guān)系也是藥品銷售中不可忽視的環(huán)節(jié)，在之前企業(yè)通過一些慈善活動(dòng)或者新聞媒體，行業(yè)協(xié)會樹立企業(yè)良好的企業(yè)形象，但還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。通過各種不同形式的產(chǎn)品宣講會，不僅能加深醫(yī)生對產(chǎn)品的記憶，同時(shí)通過醫(yī)生積極的準(zhǔn)備講解公司產(chǎn)品幻燈片的過程，提升醫(yī)生自身的自信，對產(chǎn)品的印象更加深刻，從而達(dá)到增加處方的 目的。 因此，賽諾菲可以通過定期進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)推廣的方式來銷售其制藥產(chǎn)品。銷售代表通過學(xué)術(shù)拜訪使醫(yī)生了解藥品的具體情況，藥品的使用原理，用法用量，及需要注意的事項(xiàng)。如今，賽諾菲公司應(yīng)當(dāng) 運(yùn)用現(xiàn)有成熟的銷售渠道擴(kuò)大發(fā)展藥店銷售的代理商，爭取更大的能力更強(qiáng)的合作伙伴是其 銷售渠道 拓寬 的一個(gè)重要方向。 擴(kuò)大藥店零售終端的銷售 在藥店購 買需要醫(yī)生的處方，從忽視藥店的銷售，認(rèn)為藥店的基礎(chǔ)銷售量太小，看病的思維是在醫(yī)院開處方拿藥，但是隨著市場的發(fā)展，在藥店買藥不僅便宜，而且方便。只有在現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)上增長銷量所需要的投入將大幅增加，另一方面其它的下游客戶長期等不到覆蓋，存在巨大的市場空間，因此要逐步開發(fā)新的