工商管理專(zhuān)業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯(參考版)
2025-01-16 16:37本頁(yè)面
【正文】 s functions were divided into individual work ponents. Planning was based on a belief in control and predictability, effects were traced to causes, and causes were quantitatively analyzed. Company operations based on causeeffect chains were given value independent of time and place: as in a machine, it was held that the same input would always produce the same output. This was the philosophy of the leading panies of the 20th century。 middle management had access only to the information that was immediately relevant to its tasks. Following the recipes prescribed in Frederick Taylor39。D partners, technology subcontractors, and governmental departments and ministries, and numerous other cooperative and petitive aircraft, together with the social, ecologic, and even cultural milieu of the various bases of operation. Global panies no longer resemble a giant mechanism, controlled by those on top. This is new in the history of modern business. For most of the 20th century, top management could mand the pany structures without being influenced by, or even much concerned with, its lower echelons. Motivation for taskfulfillment
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