【正文】 Polymerase chain reaction(PCR). hepatitis C virus, etc. 90 ㈢ other examination ? X ray: lobar pneumonia, renal tuberculosis, muscular cysticercosis ? Isotope: detection of abscess ? Ultrasound: abscess hydatid cyst ? Computed tomography (CT) or magic resonance imaging (MRI): intracranial infection, visceral abscesses 91 Treatment of Infectious Diseases 92 Principles of therapy 1. Aim of treatment: . for alleviation of symptoms and signs . for isolation of patients . Comprehensive treatment includes drug therapy, nursing care and isolation. . Pay attention to both specific and symptomatic treatments. 93 2. Therapeutic methods: ⑴ General and supportive treatment. ⑵ Etiologic (specific) treatment. ⑶ Symptomatic treatment. ⑷ Rehabilitation therapy for sequelae. ⑸ Traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture. 94 Prevention of Infectious Diseases 95 1. Measures against the source of infection 96 ⑴ Report of cases: Three kinds of case report: Kind A: plague, cholera, smallpox, SARS. 6hs. Kind B: AIDS, hepatitis, etc. 12hs. Kind C: influenza, mumps, etc. 48hs. 97 ⑵ Isolation of patients:until the patient bees noninfectious. (3). Quarantine of contacts: until the incubation period of the infectious disease is over. ⑷ Identification and treatment of carriers. ⑸ Control of infected animals 98 2. Interrupt the routes of transmission ⑴ General hygienic measures: Clean drinking water supply, Food hygiene, Correct sewage disposal. ⑵ Disinfection and eradication of insect vectors. ⑶ Intervention of parasite life cycles. . eradication of snails in endemic area of schistosomiasis. 99 3. Protection of the susceptible persons: ⑴ Immunological prophylaxis: ? Active (vaccination): intracutaneous inoculation with smallpox vaccine. subcutaneous inoculation with hepatitis B vaccine. ? passive (immunoglobulins): intramuscular injection with antibodies against tetanus bacillus. ⑵ Protection from environmental factors: . mosquitoes bites, skin peration by Leptospira Thank you very much. 。 herpes viruses from skin – By histology of biopsy specimen。 anoxia, acutephase protein response, albuminaemia, low serum iron, anemia, neutrophilia ? Inflammation: pain, dysfunction, tissue damage ? Convulsion。 headache。 sporadic or epidemic and pandemic。 typical, atypical(mild, severe). ⑵ Subclinical infection: no symptoms. poliomyelitis. ⑶ Carriers: chronic: typhoid, shigellosis. ⑷ Infected animals: (natural source) rabies, plague, schistosomiasis. 44 2. Routes of transmission ⑴ Air, droplets, dusts: . measles, diphtheria. ⑵ Water, food, flies(fecaloral infection): . typhoid, cholera. ⑶ Fingers, utensils (contact infection): . shigellosis, influenza. 45 ⑷ Arthropods: A. Biologic: intermediate hosts, . mosquitoes in malaria, chiggers in scrub typhus. B. Mechanical: passive transfer. . flies in amebiasis 46 ⑸ Blood, body liquid transmission Such as HBV,HIV ⑹ Vertical transmission: mother to baby ⑺ Horizontal transmission: others 47 ? Susceptible person 48 二、 Factors Influencing Epidemiological Process 49 1. Natural factors: . Climatic: season, rain, humidity. . Geographic: endemicity, schistosomiasis clonorchiasis sinensis: fresh fish 2. Social factors: Social system, socialeconomic condition, cultural background 50 Characteristics of Infectious Diseases 51 1. Basic characteristics: (1) Presence of pathogens. (2) Infectivity: duration of inf