【正文】 And such absorbing water rates as the sandstone, slate, angle amphibolite, etc. are greater, contractivity is relatively high. Aggregate grains of footpath heavy to shrink light in addition, water content big to shrink the larger. (3) Water gray than. The heavier water consumption is, the higher water and dust are, the concrete shrinks the more greatly. (4) Mix the pharmaceutical outside. It is the better to mix pharmaceutical waterretaining property outside, then the concrete shrinks the smaller. (5) Maintain the method. Water that good maintenance can accelerate the concrete reacts, obtain the intensity of higher concrete. Keep humidity high, low maintaining time to be the longer temperature when maintaining, then the concrete shrinks the smaller. Steam maintain way than maintain way concrete is it take light to shrink naturall. (6) External environment. The humidity is little, the air drying, temperature are high, the wind speed is large in the a。s consumption, reduce the aggregate and enter the temperature of the mould, reduce the internal and external difference in temperature, and lower the temperature slowly, can adopt the circulation cooling system to carry on the inside to dispel the heat in case of necessity, or adopt the thin layer and build it in succession in order to accelerate dispelling the heat. (5) The construction measure is improper at the time of steam maintenance or the winter construction, the concrete is sudden and cold and sudden and hot, internal and external temperature is uneven, apt to appear in the crack. (6) Prefabricate T roof beam horizontal baffle when the installation, prop up seat bury stencil plate with transfer flat stencil plate when welding in advance, if weld measure to be improper, iron pieces of nearby concrete easy to is it fracture to burn. Adopt electric heat piece draw law piece draw prestressing force at the ponent, prestressing force steel temperature can rise to 350 degrees Centigrade, the concrete ponent is apt to fracture. Experimental study indicates, are caused the intensity of concrete that the high temperature burns to obviously reduce with rising of temperature by such reasons as the fire, etc. , glueing forming the decline thereupon of strength of reinforcing bar and concrete, tensile strength drop by 50% after concrete temperature reaches 300 degrees Centigrade, pression strength drops by 60%, glueing the strength of forming to drop by 80% of only round reinforcing bar and concrete。 Is it is it is it destroy to press to cut to happen when the hoop muscle is proper, underpart is it invite 45 degrees direction parallel oblique crack each other to appear along roof beam end. (7) Sprained. Component one side belly appear many direction oblique crack, 45 degrees of treaty, first, and to launch with spiral direction being adjoint. (8) Washed and cut. 4 side is it invite 45 degrees direction inclined plane draw and split to take place along column cap board, form the tangent plane of washing. (9) Some and is pressed. Some to appear person who press direction roughly parallel large short cracks with pressure. Second, crack caused in temperature change. The concrete has nature of expanding with heat and contract with cold, look on as the external environment condition or the structure temperature changes, concrete take place out of shape, if out of shape to restrain from, produce the stress in the structure, produce the temperature crack promptly when exceeding concrete tensile strength in stress. In some being heavy to step footpath among the bridge, temperature stress can is it go beyond living year stress even to reach. The temperature crack distinguishes the main characteristic of other cracks will be varied with temperature and expanded or closed up. The main factor is as follows, to cause temperature and change. (1) Annual difference in temperature. Temperature is changing constantly in four seasons in one year, but change relatively slowly, the impact on structure of the bridge is mainly the vertical displacement which causes the bridge, can prop up seat move or set up flexible mound, etc. not to construct measure coordinate, through bridge floor expansion joint generally, can cause temperature crack only when the displacement of the structure is limited, for example arched bridge, just bridge etc. The annual difference in temperature of our country generally changes the range with the conduct of the average temperature in the moon of January and July. Considering the creep characteristic of the concrete, the elastic mould amount of concrete should be considered rolling over and reducing when the internal force of the annual difference in temperature is calculated. (2) Rizhao. After being tanned by the sun by the sun to the side of bridge panel, the girder or the pier, temperature is obviously higher than other position, the temperature gradient is presented and distributed by the line shape. Because of restrain oneself function, cause part draw stress to be relatively heavy, the crack appears. Rizhao and following to is it cause structure mon reason most, temperature of crack to lower the temperature suddenly. (3) Lower the 本 科畢業(yè)設(shè)計 英文文獻(xiàn) 10 temperature suddenly. Fall heavy rain, cold air attack, sunset, etc. can cause structure surface temperature suddenly dropped suddenly, but because inside temperature change relatively slow producing temperature gradient. Rizhao and lower the temperature internal force can adopt design specification or consult real bridge materials go on when calculating suddenly, concrete elastic mould amount does not consider converting into and reducing. (4) Heat of hydration. Appear in the course of constructing, the large volume concrete (thickness exceeds 2. 0), after building because cement water send o