【正文】 s best, limit cement unit39。 The design drawing can not be explained clearly etc. (2) Construction stage, does not pile up and construct the machines, material limiting 。 The structure is supposed and accorded with by strength actually by strength 。 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 中 英文翻譯 專業(yè)名稱 ： 土木工程 年級(jí)班級(jí)： XXX 學(xué)生姓名： XXX 指導(dǎo)教師： XXX 土木 工程學(xué)院 二○ 一 二 年六月 一 日本 科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 英文文獻(xiàn) 1 Design of arch bridges and the bridge crack produced the reason to simply analyse This chapter considers the full range of arch bridge types and a range of materials presenting several case studies and describing the design decisions that were made. A general treatment of the analysis of arches is presented, including the derivation of the basic equations that can be used to undertake hand calculations which may beused to validate puter analysis output. Detailed arch bridge design is outside thescope of this chapter so only general issues are discussed. Most of the chapter is devoted to masonry arch bridges. Masonry arch bridge construction is discussed in its historical context and the importance for engineers to take a holistic approach to bridge assessment and design is emphasized. There is a significant section on bridge assessment which includes guidance in the application of current and emerging assessment methods. This is underpinned with background information regarding the material properties of masonry. The chapter concludes with a treatment of repair and maintenance strategies including a prehensive table which considers mon remedial and strengthening measures. The origins of the use of arches as a structural form in buildings can be traced back to antiquity (Van Beek, 1987). In trying to arrive at a suitable definition for an arch we may look no further than Hooke‘s anagram of 1675 which stated ?Ut pendet continuum flexile, sic stabat continuum rigidum inversum‘ – ?as hangs the flexible line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch‘. This suggests that any given loading to a flexible cable if frozen and inverted will provide a purely pressive structure in equilibrium with the applied load. Clearly, any slight variation in the loading will result in a moment being induced in the arch. It is arriving at appropriate proportions of arch thickness to acmodate the range of eccentricities of the thrust line that is the challenge to the bridge engineer. Even in the Middle Ages it was appreciated that masonry arches behaved essentially as gravity structures, for which geometry and proportion dictated aesthetic appeal and stability. Compressive strength could be relied upon whilst tensile strength could not. Based upon experience, many empirical relationships between the span and arch thickness were developed and applied successfully to produce many elegant structures throughout Europe. 本 科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 英文文獻(xiàn) 2 The expansion of the railway and canal systems led to an explosion of bridge building. Brickwork arches became increasingly popular. With the construction of the Coalbrookdale Bridge (1780) a new era of arch bridge construction began. By the end of the nieenth century cast iron, wrought iron and finally steel became increasingly popular。 Load and calculate or leak and calculate few。 Is it prefabricate structure structure receive strength characteristic, stand up, is it hang, transport, install to get up at will to understand。s consumption, reduce the aggregate and enter the temperature of the mould, reduce the internal and external difference in temperature, and lower the temperature slowly, can adopt the circulation cooling system to carry on the inside to dispel the heat in case of necessity, or adopt the thin layer and build it in succession in order to accelerate dispelling the heat. (5) The construction measure is improper at the time of steam maintenance or the winter construction, the concrete is sudden and cold and sudden and hot, internal and external temperature is uneven, apt to appear in the crack. (6) Prefabricate T roof beam horizontal baffle when the installation, prop up seat bury stencil plate with transfer flat stencil plate when welding in advance, if weld measure to be improper, iron pieces of nearby concrete easy to is it fracture to burn. Adopt electric heat piece draw law piece draw prestressing force at the ponent, prestressing force steel temperature can rise to 350 degrees Centigrade, the concrete ponent is apt to fracture. Experimental study indicates, are caused the intensity of concrete that the high temperature burns to obviously reduce with rising of temperature by such reasons as the fire, etc. , glueing forming the decline thereupon of strength of reinforcing bar and concrete, tensile strength drop by 50% after concrete temperature reaches 300 degrees Centigrade, pression strength drops by 60%, glueing the strength of forming to drop by 80% of only round reinforcing bar and concrete。 Is it is it is it destroy to press to cut to happen when the hoop muscle is proper, underpart is it invite 45 degrees direction parallel oblique crack each other to appear along roof beam end. (7) Sprained. Component one side belly appear many direction oblique crack, 45 degrees of treaty, first, and to launch with spiral direction being adjoint. (8) Washed and cut. 4 side is it invite 45 degrees direction inclined plane draw and split to take place along column cap board, form the tangent plane of washing. (9) Some and is pressed. Some to appear person who press direction roughly parallel large short cracks with pressure. Second, crack caused in temperature change. The concrete has nature of expanding with heat and contract with cold, look on as the external environment condition or the structure tem