【正文】 有些橋梁基礎(chǔ)埋置過(guò)淺，受洪水沖刷、淘挖，基礎(chǔ)可能位移。在原有橋梁基礎(chǔ)附近新建橋梁時(shí)，如分期修建的高速公路左右半幅橋梁，新建橋梁荷載或基礎(chǔ)處理時(shí)引起地基土重新固結(jié)，均可能對(duì)原有橋梁基礎(chǔ)造成較大沉降。比如丘陵區(qū)或山嶺區(qū)橋梁，勘察時(shí)鉆孔間距太遠(yuǎn)， 而地基巖面起伏又大，勘察報(bào)告不能充分反映實(shí)際地質(zhì)情況。機(jī)械振搗方式比手工搗固方式混凝土收縮性要小。外摻劑保水性越好，則混凝土收縮越小。另外水泥標(biāo)號(hào)越低、單位體積用量越大、磨細(xì)度越大，則混凝土收縮越大，且發(fā)生收縮時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)。自生收縮是混凝土在硬化過(guò)程中，水泥與水發(fā)生水化反應(yīng)，這種收縮與 外界濕度無(wú)關(guān)，且可以是正的 （即收縮，如普通硅酸鹽水泥混凝土），也可以是負(fù)的（即膨脹，如礦渣水泥混凝土與粉煤灰水泥混凝土）。在構(gòu)件豎向變截面處如 T梁、箱梁腹板與頂?shù)装褰唤犹?，因硬化前沉?shí)不均勻?qū)l(fā)生表面的順腹板方向裂縫。采用電熱 張拉法張拉預(yù)應(yīng)力構(gòu)件時(shí)，預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼材溫度可升高至 350℃，混凝土構(gòu)件也容易開(kāi)裂。 （三） 驟然降溫。引起 溫度變化主要因素有： （一） 年溫差。構(gòu)件一側(cè)腹部先出現(xiàn)多條約 45度 方向斜裂縫，并向相鄰面以螺旋方向展開(kāi)。當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)配筋較少時(shí)，裂縫少而寬，結(jié)構(gòu)可能發(fā)生脆性破壞。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)不同受力方式，產(chǎn)生的裂縫特征如下： （一） 中心受拉。 實(shí)際工程中，次應(yīng)力裂縫是產(chǎn)生荷載裂縫的最常見(jiàn)原因。 （三） 使用階段，超出設(shè)計(jì)載荷的重型車(chē)輛過(guò)橋；受車(chē)輛、船舶的接觸、撞擊；發(fā)生大風(fēng)、大雪、地震、爆炸等。其實(shí)，如果采取一定的設(shè)計(jì)和施工措施，很多裂縫是可以克服和控制的。 Because heat, concrete body dissociate ink evaporate and can produce and shrink sharply in a large amount (3) shrink the crack caused In the actual project, it is the most mon because concrete shrinks the crack caused. Shrink kind in concrete, plasticity shrink is it it shrinks (is it contract to do ) to be the main reason that the volume of concrete out of shape happens to shrink, shrink spontaneously in addition and the char shrink. Plasticity shrink. About 4 hours after it is built that in the course of constructing , concrete happens, the cement water response is fierce at this moment, the strand takes shape gradually, secrete water and moisture to evaporate sharply, the concrete desiccates and shrinks, it is at the same time conduct oneself with dignity not sinking because aggregate,so when harden concrete yet,it call plasticity shrink. The plasticity shrink producing amount grade is very big, can be up to about 1%. If stopped by the reinforcing bar while the aggregate sinks, form the crack along the reinforcing bar direction. If web , roof beam of T and roof beam of case and carry baseplate hand over office in ponent vertical to bee sectional place, because sink too really to superficial obeying the web direction crack will happen evenly before hardenning. For reducing concrete plasticity shrink,it should control by water dust when being construct than,last longtime mixing, unloading should not too quick, is it is it take closely knit to smash to shake, vertical to bee sectional place should divide layer build. Shrink and shrink (do and contract). After the concrete is formed hard , as the top layer moisture is evaporated progressively , the humidity is reduced progressively , the volume of concrete is reduced, is called and shrunk to shrink (do and contract). Because concrete top layer moisture loss soon, it is slow for inside to lose, produce surface shrink heavy , inside shrink a light one even to shrink, it is out of shape to restrain from by the inside concrete for surface to shrink, cause the surface concrete to bear pulling force, when the surface concrete bears pulling force to exceed its tensile strength, produce and shrink the crack. The concrete hardens aftercontraction to just shrink and shrink mainly .Such as mix muscle rate heavy ponent (exceed 3% ), between reinforcing bar and more obvious restraints relatively that concrete shrink, the concrete surface is apt to appear in the full of cracks crackle. Shrink spontaneously. Spontaneous to it shrinks to be concrete in the course of hardenning , cement and water take place ink react, the shrink with have nothing to do by external humidity, and can positive (whether shrink, such as ordinary portland cement concrete), can negative too (whether expand, such as concrete, concrete of slag cement and cement of fly ash). The char shrinks. Between carbon dioxide and hyrate of cement of atmosphere take place out of shape shrink that chemical reaction cause. The char shrinks and could happen only about 50% of humidity, and accelerate with increase of the density of the carbon dioxide. The char shrinks and seldom calculates . The characteristic that the concrete shrinks the crack is that the majority belongs to the surface crack, the crack is relatively detailed in width , and crisscross, bee the full of cracks form , the form does not have any law . Studies have shown , influence concrete shrink main factor of crack as follows, 1, Variety of cement , grade and consumption. Slag cement , quickhardening cement , lowheat cement concrete contractivity are relatively high, ordinary cement , volcanic ash cement , alumina cement concrete contractivity are relatively low. Cement grade low in addition, unit volume consumption heavy rubing detailed degree heavy, then the concrete shrinks the more greatly, and shrink time is the longer. For example, in order to improve the intensity of the concrete , often adopt and increase the cement consumption method by force while constructing, the result shrinks the stress to obviously strengthen . 2, Variety of aggregate. Such absorbing water rates as the quartz , limestone , cloud rock , granite , feldspar ,etc. are smaller, contractivity is relatively low in the aggregate。 Construct not according to the design drawing, alter the construction order of the structure without authorization , change the structure and receive the strength mode。 Internal force and matching the mistake in putation of muscle。 Calculate the model is unreasonable。 Construct and deal with improperly。 Is it is it is it destroy to press to cut to happen when the hoop muscle is proper, underpart is it invite 45?? direction parallel oblique crack each other to appear along roof beam end. 7, Sprained. Component one side belly appear many direction oblique crack, 45?? of treaty, first, and to launch with spiral direction being adjoint. 8, Washed and cut. 4 side is it invite 45?? direction inclined plane draw and split to take place along column cap board, form the tangent plane of washing. 9, Some and is pressed. Some to appear person who press direction roughly parallel large short cracks with pressure. (2) crack caused in t