【正文】 總的來說 ， Law(1987:93)斷言 ， 對于國際會議 ,會議組織者都被吸引到“具有新鮮的空氣 ,高水準(zhǔn)的設(shè)施和吸引人的形象 ” 的地方，因此，形象的作用和地方吸引力對會展場館的選擇也有一定的意義。其中，爭論相當(dāng)大的是“形象”， Zelinsky(1994)認(rèn)為，以美國的經(jīng)歷來說，“形象”是主要的拉動力。 這些因素按重要性排序依次是會議設(shè)施的質(zhì)量、成本、可進(jìn)入性和潛在地區(qū)的形象 (Law,1993)。 在美國或者西歐個別地方對競爭力產(chǎn)生影響的因素與亞洲經(jīng)驗(yàn)較為相似。Bradley 等 , 2021)。 如果存在過多的商務(wù)旅游目的地，因擁擠而可能產(chǎn)生的成本。在英國，歐 洲大陸，美國和澳大利亞，大 商務(wù)旅游 需要公共的資金或補(bǔ)貼來發(fā)展或管理像會議或會展中心的設(shè)施。 Bradley 等 ,2021)。從 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代早期開始，在進(jìn)入幾個省級中心以后，比如伯明翰，加的夫，格拉斯哥，曼徹斯特，諾丁漢，紐卡斯?fàn)?，會展旅游市場的競爭變得更加激烈? 積極影響 消極影響 圖 1 商務(wù)旅游對當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)影響 （ 摘選自 ： Swarbrooke and Horner(2021:76)) 從歷史上看，西歐國家的度假勝地最早認(rèn)識到展覽會旅游所帶來的潛在利益，并在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間 (19191939 年 )開始發(fā)展一種專門的會議設(shè)施。Bradley 等 ,2021)。 商務(wù)旅游的成功表明商務(wù)旅游能夠給當(dāng)?shù)貛泶罅康姆秦?cái)政收入，最具意義的是帶來了形象的提升，落后地區(qū)的重建和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡院栏械漠a(chǎn)生(Law,1987。 人 們 普 遍 認(rèn) 為 , 大 多 數(shù) 地 方 商 務(wù) 旅 游 的 經(jīng) 濟(jì) 影 響 是 積 極 的（ Swarbrooke,Horner,2021:77） 。圖 1 顯示的是商務(wù)旅游對地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。在 20世紀(jì) 90年代 ,國家政府鼓勵設(shè)備和其他方面營銷策略的發(fā)展 ， 來提高把澳大利亞作為會議會展目的地首選城市的國際意識 ； 促進(jìn)這個行業(yè)市場的調(diào)整和合作 ； 鼓勵全國機(jī)構(gòu)吸引海外代表會議和展覽會在澳大利亞召開 ,尤其是亞太地區(qū)的 ； 另外 ， 要提高在澳大利亞召開的具有地方性、國家性、國際性代表會議的數(shù)量 (Dwyer,Mistilis,1997)。 從國家層面上說 ,商務(wù)旅游這一部分的重要性在于強(qiáng)調(diào)這樣一個事實(shí)，某些國家已經(jīng)特別制定了國家政策或者戰(zhàn)略來確保當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)增長 ,并最大限度地提高會議會展 旅游的社會影響力。Lew,Chang,1999。 例如 最近較為關(guān)注的新加坡和香港在為成為東南亞 （甚至是太平洋沿岸地區(qū)）國際會議中心展開的競爭 。Weber,Ladkin,2021。Oppermann,1996a。Weber,2021)。Getz等 ,1998。1996a,1996b,Oppermann,Chon,1997。 會議組織者把越來越多的心思花在舉辦會議或展覽的地點(diǎn)上。因?yàn)榭蛇_(dá)性、營銷、投資、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、人力資源和服務(wù)質(zhì)量這些變量都會影響參與性 (Weber,Ladkin,2021)。因此 ， 這種會議或者展覽會顯然與其他形式的 商務(wù)旅游有所不同，其主要目的是個人或這小團(tuán)體的聚集(Hiller,1995)。Hiller(1995:375)認(rèn)為會議和展覽是一種特殊的旅游方式 ， 在理論上他們推動了會議 會展的召開，而不是目的地本身的特性。傳統(tǒng)意義 上 ， 許多會議包括展覽會 ,會議的召開往往由展覽會引起。 in meetings tourism with Zelinsky (1994) arguing that in the experience of USA, image is a prime pullfactor. In more recent work, the role of image has been reevaluated。 Bradley et al., 2021). The capital city function also offers opportunities for the development of business tourism as a whole, including for meetings and conferences(Hall, 2021). The factors affecting the petitiveness of individual localities in the USA or Western Europe offer parallels with the Asian experience. The general consensus is that meetings anizers take account of four key attributes when selecting meetings venues (Bradley et al., 2021). In order of importance these relate to the quality of meetings facilities, cost, accessibility and image of potential locations (Law, 1993). The relative importance of these four factors will vary, however, according to the nature of particular conferences or exhibitions. Considerable debate surrounds the role of 39。 Bradley et al., 2021). Taken together, given the several potential economic and noneconomic impacts of business tourism, it is not surprising that many different kinds of localities have been encouraged to see a slice of this lucrative market by attracting conferences and exhibitions. Fig. 1 The Economic Impacts of Business Tourism at Local Level (Adapted after Swarbrooke, Horner,2021:76) Historically, in Western Europe, resort towns recognized earliest the potential benefits of conference and exhibition tourism and started to develop specialist conference facilities during the interwar period (191939). Indeed, a longestablished feature of seaside resorts in the United Kingdom, such as Blackpool, Brighton or Scarborough, is the hosting of the annual conferences of political parties, trade unions and associations in order to attract visitors and extend the length of the tourism season (Douglas, 1979). The market for meeting tourism became more petitive from the early 1980s with the entry of several provincial centers, such as Birmingham, Cardiff, Glasgow, Manchester, Nottingham and Newcastle. In the majority of these centers, multipurpose facilities were developed (Law, 1987。 and, to boost the number of delegates attending conferences in Australia at local, national and international level(Dwyer and Mistilis, 1997). For destinations, the economic impacts of capturing the market of business tourism are potentially considerable. Figure 1 shows the economic impacts of business tourism on localities. It discloses that whilst there are both potential positive and negative impacts, it is generally accepted that the economic benefits of business tourism are positive in most places (Swarbrooke and Homer,2021: 77). In the USA, the hosting of conventions and meetings is viewed as highly beneficial in that they can plement the seasonal fluctuations experienced in leisure tourism activities (Braun and Rungeling, 1992). Success in business tourism has been shown to bring also an array of nonfinancial rewards to localities, the most significant associated with image and profile enhancement, the physical upgrading and regeneration of decaying areas, and the generation of civic pride among residents (Law, 1987。 to promote coordinated and cooperative marketing of the industry。 Lew and Chang, 1999。 Weber and Ladkin, 2021。 Oppermann, 1996a。 Oppermann,1998。 Crouch and Ritchie, 1998。Oppermann,1996a,1996b。convention centre39。最后，模型評估方法使得我們提出管理方法和政治策略，以提高意大利會展系統(tǒng)在全球市場的競爭力。其次，分位數(shù)回歸模型用來評估地方特色對當(dāng)?shù)貢箙^(qū)域會展產(chǎn)業(yè)生命周期的影響。首先，我們建議使用 集群 分析的統(tǒng) 計(jì)方法來識別城市之間相似的旅游和會展供給情況以及本土資源。我們原始的概念模型是設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)證方法的基礎(chǔ)。復(fù)雜的 集群 概