【正文】 也使人能夠做好準(zhǔn)備以面對(duì)人生旅途中的不幸和挑戰(zhàn)。命運(yùn)對(duì)于個(gè)人、家庭、社會(huì)乃至人類的歷史都是不可自由支配和掌握的。理論上知識(shí)能使人不犯或減少錯(cuò)誤，甚至知識(shí)改造命運(yùn)，但實(shí)際上，知識(shí)并沒(méi)有保證每個(gè)人避免錯(cuò)誤，相反，知識(shí)成就了錯(cuò)誤。神諭的預(yù)言似乎為他們?cè)O(shè)下了一個(gè)圈套，使悲劇的主體獲悉這個(gè)預(yù)言，然后在他們努力逃避的過(guò)程中使預(yù)言得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。也許有人會(huì)對(duì)俄狄浦斯的悲劇感到不解，為何他會(huì)遭此厄運(yùn)，其實(shí)，俄狄浦斯的錯(cuò)誤最為典型。悲劇也并非源于善與惡的對(duì)抗和沖突，而是悲劇主體的自由意志無(wú)法抗衡隱藏在背后的必然性的結(jié)果。邪惡的力量總是壓住善良的力量獨(dú)占鰲頭，或者盡管邪惡的力量也同歸于盡了，但是善良終究要面臨毀滅的結(jié)局。這兩個(gè)希臘神話的悲劇故事讓我們深深感受到了希臘悲劇的深刻性。俄狄浦斯想要逃避卻陰差陽(yáng)錯(cuò)地為自己掘了一個(gè)陷阱，他自由地實(shí)踐著某種決定論。為避免神諭成真，于是開始逃亡，但卻偏偏在途中殺死了親生父親，后又因?yàn)闅⑺姥炙狗铱怂苟涣閲?guó)王，因此娶了自己的母親。俄狄浦斯由國(guó)王拉伊俄斯和王后伊俄卡斯忒所生。從這個(gè)悲劇我們可以看出，坦塔羅斯家族的厄運(yùn)都是由他們亂倫殺親手足相殘的罪惡造成的，但是其中也不乏抗?fàn)?。做兄長(zhǎng)的因?yàn)榈艿芡盗怂哪裂蚓鸵勒账娓傅淖龇ㄗ阶〉艿艿膬蓚€(gè)小兒子將其殺害，作為盛饌，在大宴會(huì)上宴饗。（一）家族式悲劇這一形式的悲劇主要表現(xiàn)在坦塔羅斯家族上。在一定意義上，悲劇和神話傳說(shuō)是相生相息的。情節(jié)乃悲劇的基礎(chǔ)，有似悲劇的靈魂。人 們?nèi)ゴT做客，當(dāng)看到主人家的桌子上方畫有玫瑰，客人就了解在這桌上所談的一切均不應(yīng)外傳。愛(ài)神丘比特(Cupid)是愛(ài)與美之神維納斯(venus紅杏出墻和戰(zhàn)神瑪斯(Mars)所生的兒 子。如:莎翁的著名悲劇《奧賽羅》(Othello)中塑造的愛(ài)米莉婭形象，她在生死關(guān)頭站出來(lái)揭穿其丈夫的罪行。這是它一生中唯一的，也是最后的一次唱歌。Achilles’heel意指“金無(wú)足赤，人無(wú)完人”，特指唯一致命弱點(diǎn)、缺點(diǎn)。赫剌克勒斯(Heracles)用一天時(shí)間將其打掃干凈。特洛伊城陷落。The Trojan horse[4]：意思是“用以使敵方或?qū)κ稚袭?dāng)誤以為于自己有益的破壞性的事物或人”。三位女神為了爭(zhēng)奪金蘋果不分高下，決定讓Zeus決定，宙 斯無(wú)法在自己的妻子、智慧女神和愛(ài)與美的女神之間抉擇。這位女神大為惱火，留下 一個(gè)刻有“獻(xiàn)給最美者”的金蘋果，引起了雅典娜、赫拉和阿芙羅狄忒的紛爭(zhēng)。在這漫長(zhǎng)的二十年中，許多王公貴族向Penelop求婚，她都托辭說(shuō)必須等織完布后才能予以考慮，一 到晚上，她又將白天織好的布再拆開。國(guó)王深受感動(dòng)，將二人全部釋放，因此，Damon and Pythias意思就是“生死之交”。因此the sword of Damocles就成了“富貴中隱藏的危險(xiǎn)”的同義語(yǔ)，也可以指形勢(shì)危急，千鈞一發(fā)。結(jié)果Epimetheus上當(dāng)，接近了 Pandora，Pandora于是就將手中的盒子打開，放出了里面的罪惡、災(zāi)難、疾病、不幸，只留下了“希望”在盒子里。衍生詞：morphine(嗎啡)，marijuana(大麻)，兩者都是opium(鴉片)的提取物。Hygeia：希臘健康女神，其形象為年輕女子，身著白色長(zhǎng)衣(白大褂)，頭戴祭司冠，用飯碗喂著一條蛇。Eros(厄洛斯)：愛(ài)神。害怕子女反抗自己，曾吞食自己的后代。此 后，Ceres就變成了莊稼的保護(hù)神。后人爭(zhēng)相效仿，atlas從此有了地圖、地圖集、身負(fù)重?fù)?dān)的人的含義。Zephyrus(澤費(fèi)羅斯)：西風(fēng)之神。Titan(泰坦)：曾統(tǒng)治世界的巨人族的一員。Muses的藝術(shù)衍生出單詞music，Muses收藏藝術(shù)品的地方就是museum。Flora在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)里指代“植物”。and it was trodden down, and the fowls of the air devoured it”(Luke 8:5). OF CLAY 致命的弱點(diǎn)Feet of clay has been used in English since the 19th century to refer to a fundamental weakness that has the potential to lead to the downfall of something(or someone)otherwise great and es from the Book of Daniel(2:3145), in which the prophet Daniel interprets a dream that the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar has had of an enormous, imposing statue.“This image’s head was of fine gold,” Daniel writes, “his breast and his arms of silver, his belly and his thighs of brass, his legs of iron, his feet part of iron and part of clay.” As the dream continues, suddenly a huge stone strikes the clay feet of the statue, causing it to collapse and break up into interprets the golden head of the statue as representing Nebuchadnezzar’s kingdom, while the silver torso represents an inferior kingdom that will follow brass stomach and thighs represent a third and even more inferior kingdom that will follow that, and a fourth and final kingdom, partly strong like iron but partly weak like clay, is represented by its legs and it is this weakness, Daniel predicts, that will lead to the downfall of the entire FLY IN THE OINTMENT 美中不足之處“Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking savour,” advises the Book of Ecclesiastes(10:1).The modern wording, a fly in the ointment, first appeared in the language in the early THAT TOUCHETH PITCH近朱者赤,近墨者黑The old adage that he that touches pitch shall be defiled advises that anyone who has even the slightest contact with someone who’s up to no good cannot avoid being corrupted line es from Ecclesiasticus, a book in the Biblical Apocrypha written in the 2nd century BC that warns that, “He that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith, and he that hath fellowship with a proud man shall be like unto him”(13:1). LAND OF MILK AND HONEY 肥沃而豐裕的土地；魚米之鄉(xiāng)In Exodus(3:122), Moses is told by the vision of the burning bush to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and into Canaan, “a land flowing with milk and honey.” The phrase has since e to be widely used of any location promising great prosperity, respite, and LAND OF NOD 夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)Another famous Biblical land is the Land of Nod, lying “east of Eden” according to the Book of Genesis, to which Cain is exiled after he murders his brother, Abel(4:16).As a metaphor for falling asleep however, the Land of Nod was first used by Jonathan Swift in 1738 and is probably nothing more than a pun on a drooping or “nodding” LEOPARD CANNOT CHANGE ITS SPOTS 江山易改，本性難移Implying that you cannot alter who you are innately meant to be, the old saying that a leopard cannot change its spots is a rewording of a verse from the Book of Jeremiah(13:23), that asks “Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?” A LAMB TO THE SLAUGHTER 怯弱無(wú)助，服服帖帖If someone is blissfully unaware of the disaster about to befall them, then they’re like a lamb to the phrase is touched on a number of times in the Bible, mostnotably in the Book of Isaiah: “He is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her s