【正文】 b. a means to achieve social objectives, such as redistribution of ine。決策者和商業(yè)界都看到了這樣的需要：即調(diào)整國內(nèi)和多邊政策的制定以適應(yīng)新的現(xiàn)實情況，并且確保東道國政府的政策不再被任意運用?？鐕镜拇蟛糠纸?jīng)濟活動都分散在世界各個地方，在這種情形下，我們還能給國家利益下一個定義嗎？東道國應(yīng)該實施什么政策？一個美國公司在美國領(lǐng)土以外的地方從事者大部分研究與開發(fā)、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計和大多數(shù)復(fù)雜生產(chǎn)，所以在國外雇傭的員工比美國市場內(nèi)的還多。 limited life. limited life。 limited liability。 owner gets all profits。 be equivalent to ≈: be approximately equal to ＜ : be less than ＞ : be greater than ≤, ≥ ∥ : absolute value ∑: summation of √: rootextracting Lesson 4 Organization of Business Questions for Discussion 1. Who are producing the goods and services that we need? ※ business firms. “Individual economic decisionmaking units: single business firms and households.”see lesson 2 Question 2 What is a business firm? ※ it’s an anization that brings together the factors of production to produce and/or distribute goods and services with the object of gains or profits. 3. What does “economies of scale” refer to? ※ Reductions in unit cost of output resulting from the production of additional units stem from increased specialization of labor as volume of output increases. Question 5: Do you know how many forms of business anization? ※ 1. according to products they produce. 2. by the ownership: stateowned, collectivelyowned and private enterprises. 3. according to their operational scope: domestic and multinational firms. 4. by their legal form: A. Individual/Sole proprietorship。 divided by。 : a half 5. Expression of signs: +: plus。 Coins and notes of various denominations can be used to buy large expensive items as well as small ones costing only few cents. 4 支票本身并不是錢，如果沒有存款來進行 支付使支票兌現(xiàn)，那么這張支票便毫無價值。 Question 5 What are the functions of a bank? ※ a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities. Learn before: Hire purchases: a procedure for purchasing goods under which the purchaser pays a deposit on receipt of the goods followed by a number of installments until the debt is cleared. The goods do not bee the property of the purchaser until the last installment has been Mutual funds: mutually owned funds invested in diversified securities. Shareholders are issued certificates as evidence of their ownership and participate proportionately in the earnings of the fund. 共同基金 。 3. anything readily acceptable in exchange for goods or services. Lesson 3 Money and Banking Question 2 What are the functions of money? ※ Medium of exchange (payment) Store of value Measure of value Standard of deferred payment Question 3 What are the characteristics of money? ※ acceptability 。 modity: a product or a raw material that can be bought and sold, especially between countries. ? 3. Capitalism is an economic system in which most industry is privately owned and production is motivated by profitseeking。 d. financially rewarding 2. product: a thing that is grown or produced for sale。 No equality guaranteed governmentregulated market economy。 efficient。 no petition。 production based on tradition。 32 class hours plus 2 for final revision and another 2 for final examination. Teaching target: 1. To grasp a fair number of business terms covering concerned business fields。 2. To master the basic knowledge of concerned subjects. 3. To acquire the ability to read and translate English business articles. 4. To improve listening and speaking ability. Book List ? 翟象俊主編： 《 經(jīng)濟學(xué)專業(yè)英語教程 1》 ，中國人民大學(xué)出版社， 1999 ? 沈志莉、吳尚義主編： 《 財經(jīng)英語教程 》 ，中國社會科學(xué)出版社， 2022 ?Paul A Samuelson amp。 barter system。 equality。 petition。 ?―No contemporary society falls pletely into either of the above. Rather all society are mixed economic system with elements of market and mand.‖ Paul Samuelson 3. Why are there different types of economic systems? ※ because the differences in the historical background, the political, cultural and social system, the possession of resources. 4. Do the different types of economic systems all face the same basic economic problem? ※ Yes. 4. How do you define “market”? ※ A market is a mechanism by which buyers and sellers interact to determine the price and quantity of a good or service. 5. How many economic systems do you know? Explain them according to the following graph. ※ Traditional economies/ Command economies Market economies / Mixed economies 6. What does “freeenterprise system” mean? ※ An economic system characterized by private ownership of property and productive resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, petition to ensure efficiency, and the forces of supply and demand to direct the production and distribution of goods and services. The Three Fundamental Economic Problems ―Every human society – whether it is an advance industrial nation, a centrally planned economy, or an isolated trial nation – must confront and resolve three fundamental economic problems. Every society must have a way of determining what modities are produced, how these goods are made, and for whom they are produced.‖ Paul Samuelson What are the factors of production? Factors of production or economic resources include: ?Land, or natural resources in a broader sense. They are most limited. ?Capital, or capital goods that we used for the production of other goods or services, factories, machines, railroads etc. Labor, or human resources including all kind of work. Entrepreneurship can be defined as the of bining and anizing natural resources, capital goods, labor, assuming the risks of business failures, and providing th