【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 l moary authority of a nation, which performs several key functions, including issuing currency and regulating the supply of credit in the economy. A mercial bank is a financial institution, providing business loans, credit cards, checking and saving accounts, etc. Commercial banks are the largest financial intermediaries directly involved in the financing of real estate. Also known as an underwriter, an investment bank acts as an intermediary between corporations issuing new securities and the public. Normally an investment bank buys a new issue of securities for a negotiated price. The investment bank then forms a syndicate and resells the securities to its customers and to the public. 資源優(yōu)化配置 optimum distribution of resources 推進(jìn)體制創(chuàng)新 to press forward with institutional innovation 從粗放經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧s經(jīng)濟(jì) to shift from extensive economy to intensive economy 技術(shù)成果商品化 mercialization of technical achievements 重點(diǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目 key construction project 對內(nèi)搞活，對外開放 to enliven the domestic economy and open up to the outside world 西部大開發(fā) largescale development of western region 經(jīng)濟(jì)軟著陸 economic soft landing Translation work: 1 有些人因?yàn)橄矚g錢本身而保存錢，但我們通 常把錢看作是滿足我們需求的手段。 Some people like to keep money for its own sake, but usually we look on it as a means of satisfying our needs and wants. 2 紙幣如果經(jīng)常觸摸會(huì)變的骯臟破損，不過 會(huì)定期對紙幣進(jìn)行回收，以新幣取而代之。 Paper money when handled frequently bees torn and dirty, but it is periodically recalled and replaced. 3 那些面額不等，價(jià)值各異的硬幣和紙幣即 可以用來購買大件的貴重物品，也可以購買僅 值幾美分的小件物品。 Coins and notes of various denominations can be used to buy large expensive items as well as small ones costing only few cents. 4 支票本身并不是錢，如果沒有存款來進(jìn)行 支付使支票兌現(xiàn)，那么這張支票便毫無價(jià)值。 The cheque itself is not money and is worthless if there is no deposit from which payments can be made to honor the cheque. Additional Knowledge 1. Expression of numbers: Even and odd numbers Positive and negative numbers Integer, decimal and fraction Cardinal and ordinal numbers 2. Expressions of powers： 10 的 3次冪 can be expressed as the third power of 10. 10 is the base（底數(shù)） and 3 is the exponent（指數(shù)） . 3. Expression of decimals: : three point five seven six 0. 83 : point eight three : one tenth or point one 4. Expression of fractions： A fraction consists of a numerator(分子 )，a denominator(分母 )， and a fraction stoke(分?jǐn)?shù)線 ). 188。: one fourth。 189。 : a half 5. Expression of signs: +: plus。 positive : minus。 negative ?: multiplied by。 times ?: over。 divided by。 is to %: percent ‰: per mille。 per mile =: be equal to。 equals ≠: be not equal to ≡: be identical with。 be equivalent to ≈: be approximately equal to ＜ : be less than ＞ : be greater than ≤, ≥ ∥ : absolute value ∑: summation of √: rootextracting Lesson 4 Organization of Business Questions for Discussion 1. Who are producing the goods and services that we need? ※ business firms. “Individual economic decisionmaking units: single business firms and households.”see lesson 2 Question 2 What is a business firm? ※ it’s an anization that brings together the factors of production to produce and/or distribute goods and services with the object of gains or profits. 3. What does “economies of scale” refer to? ※ Reductions in unit cost of output resulting from the production of additional units stem from increased specialization of labor as volume of output increases. Question 5: Do you know how many forms of business anization? ※ 1. according to products they produce. 2. by the ownership: stateowned, collectivelyowned and private enterprises. 3. according to their operational scope: domestic and multinational firms. 4. by their legal form: A. Individual/Sole proprietorship。 B. Partnership。 C. Corporation/pany。 D. Cooperatives. 1. A sole proprietorship is owned by a single individual who makes all the business decisions, receive all the profits and is responsible for any losses incurred by the firm. partnership is collectively owned by two or more people who jointly make the business decisions, share the profits and bear the financial responsibilities for losses. 3. A corporation is collectively owned by a number of individuals but has the legal status to act as a single fictitious person. Individual proprietorship partnership corporation advantages easy to start。 owner gets all profits。 be his or her own boss. relatively easy to start。 some specialization in management。 better fundraising ability specialization in management。 limited liability。 unlimited life。 ability to raise large sum of money. disadvantages unlimited liability。 limited fundraising ability。 limited life. limited life。 unlimited liability of more serious nature. relatively difficult to start. Cooperative: A memberowned business with membership open to those who use its services. Democratically controlled and operated on a nonprofit basis, a cooperative returns any margins or profits to members on the basis of patronage. Question 6 Why is monopoly power considered undesirable? ※ a monopoly is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a kind of product or service. It usually leads to a control on the supply of products and a substantial rise in price, thus a lack of petition and a lack of viable substitute goods . Question 7 What’s monopolistic petition? ※ monopolistic petition is a market structure with many firms selling a differentiated product, with low barriers to entry and exit in the industry. It is like monopoly in that the firm has some control over the price it charges since products are