【正文】 cited 2022 January] Available from html 3. Department of Biosciences (2022) Biomedical Sciences Stage2/3 Handbook. Faculty of Science, Technology and Medical Studies: The University of Kent 56 Reference list 4. Department of Biosciences (2022) Biochemistry/Biology/Forensic Biology Stage2/3 Handbook. Faculty of Science, Technology and Medical Studies: The University of Kent 5. Pincock,S (2022) Lancet Study Faked Investigation to probe all research conducted by scientist accused of fabricating results from 900 research participants [published 16th January 2022。 use these processes ? Failure to do so can result in plagiarism! 37 Plagiarism ? “ Plagiarism is defined as the act of reproducing the ideas, discoveries and written work of others and passing them off as one?s own” (1,3,4) ? Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty, therefore ? Plagiarism can involve significant amounts of material: ? Whole passages from other writing that are ?passed off? as your own ? Tables/charts/diagrams/figures that appear to be your own work ? Unattributed results from other research 38 Plagiarism ? It can involve relatively small amounts of material: ? . mosaic plagiarism ? The amount of material is not in itself significant ? Both largescale and minor plagiarism are ?academic offences?, and will be punished! ? The disciplinary process is – rightly! – severe ? Zero coursework mark ? Meeting with HoD ? Problems with personal references/career progression (1,3,4) 39 Academic dishonesty and science ? There is a particular need to observe academic integrity and avoid plagiarism in science ? “Honesty in reporting data and ideas is an essential te of the scientific world” (1) ? Where malpractice occurs: ? Unfair career advantage may be gained ? Funds for research may be misappropriated ? Where malpractice is revealed: ? Further research based on the promised material will be damaged ? Reputations are tarnished ? Careers are damaged ? Funds for . medical advances may be removed 40 Academic dishonesty and science ? Note that malpractice includes using fraudulent data, as well as stealing others? work ? Fraudulent data = ? Data wholly or partially made up (fabricated) ? Data ?tweaked? to support a result or hypothesis ? Inconvenient/contradictory data that is removed to support a result or hypothesis 41 Academic dishonesty and science ? Example fabrication ? Involves , Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo ? A paper in The Lancet on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cancer has been retracted ? Research carried out by Subdo appears to have been fabricated ? The author?s career has been severely damaged (5) 42 Plagiarism ? Plagiarism can be intentional ? . collusion。 projects。 interpretations 14 Effective reading for science ? From this table, it is clear that a careful preliminary reading of the abstract, introduction and discussion would prepare the reader ? Following this with a skimscanread for detail approach may now be effective 15 Effective reading for science ? with abstracts ? The abstract is a crucial aspect of any scientific paper ? Within the scientific munity, the abstract alone is often used to evaluate and utilise texts within a research field ? Re Final Year Projects, “This section should be as concise as possible…, and should include everything that you particularly want the reader to know. The problem should be stated, and the main findings and conclusions should be included in the same order as in the report.” (1) . the abstract encapsulates the whole ?argument? of the text ? Given the nature of an abstract, it?s clear that a quick – but careful – preliminary reading of the abstract alone will allow for successful reading of the whole paper 16 Effective reading for science ? It?s possible to take an even more strategic approach to using abstracts ? Isolate each statement in the abstract ? Perhaps use colour/highlighter to identify them? ? Match these against the whole paper, identifying which section of the text relates to each part of the abstract ? For example, you can colourcode paragraphs to show w