【正文】 if transshipment is not allowed in the L/C, it should be understood as “No transshipment at Hongkong, but only passby at Hongkong.”9 This term can be often seen in the L/C from Germany. It can be accepted by China. Usually, according to the term, the through bill of lading is issued by China or the China Merchants, and it should make it clear that in Hongkong the goods should be transshipped to the ships of Maersk shipping pany.10. Pamp。而且來(lái)證又作了如上規(guī)定。 house B/L。 is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipping pany and shippers. In addition, is a document of title because the legal owner of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the goods. For this reason the Bill of Lading can be used to transfer the goodsfrom one owner to another. “When the exporters plete it, they can write the buyer’s name in the space, “consignee”. This means the consignee is the legal owner of the goods, as named on Bill of Lading. Otherwise the exporters can write “to other” in the consignee space. Underneath “to order” they write the name and address of the agent. Then the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill to the buyer. In this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their customers. This means that there has to be a separate Bill of Lading for each consignee and several consignments can not be consolidated on to one bill.4. There are several types of Bills of Lading which are categorized in different ways.(1). On board B/L and received for shipment B/LAccording to whether the goods are loaded or not, the bills of lading can be classified into on board(or shipped) B/L and received(or received for shipment) B/L. A shipped on board B/L is evidence that the goods have been loaded on board a certain steamer. It mences with the wording “Shipped in apparent good order and condition”, According to general foreign trade practices, only the shipped on board B/L is accepted by banks for payment under a L/C.(2). Clean bill and unclean billAccording to whether there are notes on the B/L, it falls into 2 kinds: clean B/L and unclean B/L.A clean B/L shows that the goods have been shipped on board a vessel in apparent good order and condition, and there is no modification of the shipowner. This bill of lading is called “clean” or “unclaused”. It confirms that the goods have not suffered apparent or outside damage and there does not seem to be any defect in the packing. By issuing clean bill of lading, the shipowner admits his full liability of the cargo described in the Bill under the law and his contract. This type is much favored by banks for financial settlement purpose.Unclean B/L is generally marked “insufficiently packed”, “covers old and stained”, “wet by rain”, “…packed in damaged condition”, “unclean”, “foul”, etc. There are many recurring types of such clauses including inadequate packaging, unprotected machinery, wet or stained cartons, damaged crates, etc. This type of B/L is usually unacceptable to a bank. But not all B/L(s) which are noted are unclean B/L.(3). A straight B/L, An order B/L and A blank B/LAccording to whether the B/L is transferable, it is divided into 3 kinds: straight B/L, order B/L and blank B/L.A straight B/L is made out so that only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill. The consignee is designated by the shipper. The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any third party in possession of the bill. This kind of B/L is not transferable. The shipper cannot pass the bill to a third party by endorsement. So the bill is of very restricted application. When the goods are shipped on a nonmercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, materials in aid of other countries, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight B/L is generally issued. An order B/L indicates that the bill is made out to the order of or to order of …any person named in such a bill, which may be transferred /negotiated after endorsement. So it is sometimes called transferable B/L. It is because of this that nowadays, it is monly used in international practice. A blank B/L is also called open B/L or bearer B/L. It refers to the bill in which the name of a definite consignee is not mentioned. The area in B/L calling for the name of the consignee is left blank, with neither the name of the consignee nor the phraseology of “to order” filled in. This kind of B/L can be transferred/ negotiable without endorsement. There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “to bearer” and holder of the B/L can take delivery of the goods against the surrender of B/L, ., ownership of the goods passes when the bill is handed over to anyone.(4). Direct B/L, A transshipment B/L, A through B/LAccording to the modes of transport, it can be divided into 3 kinds.A direct B/L is referred to the consignment carried to the port of destination directly without transshipment.A transhipment B/L is issued by shipping panies when there is no direct service between the port of loading and port of destination, and the ship owner arranges to tranship the cargo at an intermediate port at his expense. This kind of Bill usually bears such a clause “Transhipment to be made”A through B/L is issued when the entire voyage involves more than one carrier, where the ocean shipment forms only part of the plete journey and, subsequent thereto, the goods have to be carried by other land or sea carriers. The first carrier issues the bill and collects the freight for the entire voyage, and arranges transshipment and forwarding of the goods at the intermediate port. The shipper prefers this kind of B/L because of the trouble having been saved to deal with other carriers by himself.(5). A long form B/L, A short form B/LAccording to the contents of the B/L, it can be divided into 2 forms: Long Form B/L and Short Form B/LA long form B/L refers to the B/L on the ba