【正文】 至于船舶的容積，它常用總噸位或凈登記噸位來表達(dá)。 載重量 船東和船廠之間常發(fā)生這樣的討價(jià)還價(jià)：船東要求盡可能大的載重量。 2 載重量和排水量 排水量 排水量可粗分為空載排水量和滿載排水量。 縱向菱形系數(shù) （或簡(jiǎn)稱為菱形系數(shù)） CP 是排水體積與一個(gè)棱柱體的體積之比，該棱柱體的 長等于垂線間長，橫剖面積等于船中處橫剖面面積。 CW =Aw/LB 中橫剖面系數(shù) CM 是中橫剖面面積與其（外接）矩形面積的比值，該矩形的邊分別等于吃水 和船中處 最大船寬。 干舷 等于自設(shè)計(jì)水線至上甲板邊板上表面的垂直距離。 水線長 — 設(shè)計(jì)水線的長度或滿載水線的長度稱之為水線長。 舯橫剖面 — 這是一個(gè)位于船舯部的橫向垂直平面。但是，在本篇短文中，我們僅想集中討論航海性能。 經(jīng)濟(jì)交易基于 potential buyer can afford or thinks he can afford． Appearance， speed， personal fort and 能夠支付的潛在購買力或者能夠支付的想法。 conditions． Thus， one can expect the cost of such ships to be greater than that of their mercial 因此，能夠想象到這種船的費(fèi)用那些相對(duì)的商務(wù)船的更大。 對(duì)于大型的戰(zhàn)斗 船例如 as aircraft carriers， guidedmissile cruisers， destroyers， and nuclear submarines， all of the 航空運(yùn)輸，導(dǎo)彈巡洋艦，驅(qū)逐艦和核潛水來說，目前被提到的 previously mentioned factors bee important—hence the enormous cost of such ships． Their 所有因素都是重要的 增加了那些船舶的巨大的資金。 因此， deepdraft vessels may be excluded from certain geographic areas． Specialpurpose 深草圖船也許被某些特定的地理環(huán)境所排斥。 因此，政治上的考慮 important role in the economics of mercial ship design and construction． 可以在商業(yè)船舶設(shè)計(jì)和建造的經(jīng)濟(jì)起重要作用。 importance of the various factors is dictated by the purpose of the vessel， which is set by the 各種因素的相對(duì)重要性取決于船 的目的， mercial firm， government， or individual who purchases the vessel． A useful classification 這是由商業(yè)企業(yè)，政府，或個(gè)人購買的船只。 frequently displacement hulls in their larger sizes， such as the SWATH mentioned above， or more 這些船是最常見的在較大尺寸的位移的外殼，如上面提到的小水線面雙體船， conventionally， ocean research vessels requiring stable platforms and protected areas for 或更傳統(tǒng)，海洋研究船需要穩(wěn)定的平臺(tái)和保護(hù)區(qū)的發(fā)射設(shè)備。 stability． The most significant class of displacement hull for special application is the submarine， a 對(duì)于特殊應(yīng)用 排水 船體最重要的類是潛艇， 用于操作完全淹沒的船 。 There exists another type of displacement hull with extreme draft， however， is similarity to 有另一種極端的 船 但 排水 船體是相似的， the crudeoil carrier of the preceding discussion goes no further than that． This type of vessel is 前面的討論，原油載體不會(huì)超越。 support． They have a very large and disproportionate hull volume below the surface when fully 他們有一個(gè)非常大的和不相稱的船體體積低于表面滿載時(shí)。 built. With their bulk and enormous capacity (four football fields can be placed end to end on one 他們的體積和巨大的容量（四足球 場(chǎng) 可以放置的端到端的一座）， of their decks),these ships are designed and built to be profitmakers, enormously long, wide, and 這些船的設(shè)計(jì)和建造的是利潤， deep carrying thousands of tons of crude oil per voyage at the least cost. Few of these elephantine 巨大的長，寬，深承載成千上萬噸原油每航次以最小的成本。 Carrier), and ULCC(Ultra Large Crude Carrier). Any tanker greater than 100,000 but less than VICC（巨型油輪），和超大型油輪（超大型油輪）。 category may be referred． The closest relative to this standard vessel， which plays a crucial role not only in world 最近的相對(duì)于這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 船 ，它起著至關(guān)重要的作用 merce but in the survival of the industrial world as well， is the bulk oil carrier， the tanker， 不僅在世界貿(mào)易而在 工業(yè)世界的生存一樣，是散裝油輪，油輪，或者超級(jí)油輪。 ship， with moderate displacement， moderate speeds， moderate to large lengths， and moderate 中等大的長度，和中度的能力。 primarily as a displacement vessel， and its variations depend primarily on the distribution of 后者必須承認(rèn)的是排水的容器， buoyant volume－ the extent of the depth and breadth of the hull below the water． 和它的變化主要取決于浮力體積－船體的水下的深度和廣度上的分布。 example， in some vessels reasonably high speed must be bined with the ability to carry light 例如，在某些船相當(dāng)高的速度必須結(jié)合進(jìn)行輕貨物規(guī)劃船體特性來進(jìn)行修改， cargo or to move more fortably in rough water than a planing hull． Highspeed planning hull 以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)船體或船體的能力，使船更合適。 buoyant force of water for their operation. This hydrostatic support， monly recognized as flotation， call be explained by a 這種液體靜壓支承，公認(rèn)的浮選，可以由一個(gè)基本的物理定律解釋說， fundamental physical law that the ancient philosophermathematician Archimedes defined in the 在第二世紀(jì) 古代哲學(xué)家、數(shù)學(xué)家阿基米德定義指出， second century B． C． Archimedes?Principle states that a body immersed in a liquid is buoyed up 浸沒在液體中的身體的力等于被取代的液體的重量。 滑行船體的特點(diǎn)是具有相對(duì)平坦的底部和淺 V 型剖面（特別是在船中前），高速航行時(shí)在局部可以為小排水量船和小型船提供足夠的水動(dòng)力支撐。 Hydrodynamic support There are also two types of vessels that depend on dynamic support generated by relatively rapid forward motion of specially designed hydrodynamic shapes either on or beneath the surface of the water． A principle of physics states that any moving object that can produce an unsymmetrical flow pattern generates a lift force perpendicular to the direction of motion． Just as an airplane with（ airfoil） produces lift when moving through the air， a hydrofoil， located beneath the surface and attached by means of a surface piercing strut， can dynamically support a vessel?s hull above the water． Planing hulls are hull form characterized by relatively flat bottoms and shallow Vsections（ especially forward of amidships） that produce partial to nearly full dynamic support for light displacement vessels and small craft at higher speeds. Planing craft are generally restricted in size and displacement because of the required powertoweight ratio and the structural stresses associated with traveling at high speed in waves． Most planing craft are also restricted to operations in reasonably calm water， although some“deep V”hull forms are capable of operation in rough water． 水動(dòng)力支撐 依靠水動(dòng)力支撐的船也只有兩種類型。 另外一種是具有剛性側(cè)壁或薄殼的氣墊船，側(cè)壁伸到水面下，維持氣墊壓力所需的空氣流量就降低了。這類船舶依靠鼓風(fēng)機(jī)在船底部形成一個(gè) 低壓氣墊。船舶設(shè)計(jì)成在水上、水面或者水下工作，因此氣 — 水交界面將用于參考數(shù)據(jù)。這是一個(gè)造船工程師設(shè)計(jì)船舶使必須記住的、能為以后討論提供根據(jù)的觀念，不僅涉及本章也貫穿全書。 介紹 一艘船能采用的外形是不可勝數(shù)的。 大傾斜的飛剪形船首和與眾不同的煙囪形狀構(gòu)成了船體美麗的型線。 客船 客船，或現(xiàn)代的名稱 客班船，是為了把旅客在風(fēng)光和麗的日子里送往各名勝港口提供服務(wù)。 居住艙室與機(jī)艙通常設(shè)在尾部，以確保有最大 的船長用于裝卸。 為了保證船的橫向強(qiáng)度，貨艙之間被深腹板框架分開。集裝箱在貨艙擱置在特 殊的骨架上并層層堆放起來。集裝箱是一個(gè)可重復(fù)利用的截面為 2435x2435mm 的箱子，其長度有 6055mm、 9125mm 和 12190mm 幾種。Combination carriers handling oil cargoes have their own cargo pumps, piping systems, etc., for discharging oil. 裝卸油品的通用散貨船有自己的貨泵、管道系統(tǒng)等以便于卸油。 The bu