【正文】 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional 第 17 頁(yè) 共 17 頁(yè) leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s disorder (a related condition in which the baby develops in an apparently normal manner through age five months, and then begins to lose municative and social interaction skills). There is also evidence of a higher proportion of perinatal plications (plications arising around the time of giving birth) among children with autistic symptoms. These plications include maternal bleeding after the first trimester and meconium in the amniotic fluid. (Meconium is a substance that accumulates in the bowel of the developing fetus and is discharged shortly after birth.) Some evidence suggests that the use of medications during pregnancy may be related to the development of autistic symptoms. As newborns, children with autistic behaviors show a higher rate of respiratory illness and anemia than healthy children. ALLERGIES, INFECTIONS, AND IMMUNIZATIONS. Some professionals believe that autistic disorders may be caused by allergies to particular fungi, viral infections, and various foods. No controlled studies have supported these beliefs, but some parents and professionals report improvement when allergens and/or certain foods are eliminated from the diet. Viral infections of the mother, such as rubella, or of the young child, such as encephalitis, mumps, and measles, occasionally appear to cause autistic disorders. The mon childhood immunization series known as MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) has recently e under scrutiny as a possible cause of some autistic can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。最后感謝與我朝夕相處的同學(xué)們，感謝給予我無(wú)私幫助的朋友們 ，感謝在論文寫(xiě)作階段對(duì)我關(guān)懷無(wú)微不至的父母。老師的認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)和嚴(yán)格要求的治學(xué)態(tài)度是我永遠(yuǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。如何做好服務(wù)，如何讓旅客滿意，一直是乘務(wù)員所奮斗的目標(biāo)，也是航空公司是否能夠生存的關(guān)鍵所在。航空公司要在產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)方面不斷推陳出新，除了讓乘客滿意之外，更重要的是超越乘客的期望值。 高品 質(zhì)除了在硬件方面不斷升級(jí)和產(chǎn)品的種類更多之外，在服務(wù)方面，則要 第 13 頁(yè) 共 17 頁(yè) 更具特色，更加多樣化，更積極的適應(yīng)頭等艙、商務(wù)艙等乘客享受飛行的要求。 從乘務(wù)員的角度來(lái)看，只有個(gè)性化的優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)，充分體現(xiàn)每一個(gè)乘務(wù)員的個(gè)人素質(zhì)與關(guān)懷的服務(wù)，才能形成一種富有特色、富有人文氣息的客艙文化，從而給乘客留下深刻的印象及溫 暖美麗的回憶，進(jìn)而獲得長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益及良好的聲譽(yù)，形成品牌效應(yīng)。 航空公司要在服務(wù)中弘揚(yáng)中國(guó)文化，可以從飛機(jī)裝飾、乘務(wù)員服飾、機(jī)艙內(nèi)播放的音樂(lè)、節(jié)目，餐飲服務(wù)、茶藝服 務(wù)等多方面著手?？此坪?jiǎn)單的空乘服務(wù)背后其實(shí)蘊(yùn)藏著許多知識(shí)與技能，需要乘務(wù)員用心掌握。 、差異化趨勢(shì) 很多乘客或許有這樣的感覺(jué)，即使乘坐過(guò)很多次不同航空公司的航班，除了航空公司品牌、標(biāo)示、空乘人員的服裝不同外，自己的飛行體驗(yàn)沒(méi)有差別，很難說(shuō)出各個(gè)航空公司的差別在哪里，也就是說(shuō)，航班服務(wù)沒(méi)有特色。個(gè)性化的服務(wù)還要求在展現(xiàn)個(gè)人的魅力與關(guān)懷的基礎(chǔ)上，提升整體的服務(wù)水平，展現(xiàn)出整個(gè)集體的團(tuán)結(jié)性、協(xié)作性、凝聚力，在個(gè)人基礎(chǔ)上形成的集體個(gè)性。例如，某位乘客是航空公司的 VIP，可以享受服務(wù)升級(jí)；例如，根據(jù)不同的節(jié)日為乘客送上不同的餐食：春節(jié)期間配上年糕、餃子，端午節(jié)為乘客送上粽子，中秋節(jié)為乘客送上月餅等。例如乘務(wù)員在為乘客提供餐飲服務(wù)時(shí)，應(yīng)關(guān)注乘客有無(wú)對(duì)飲料、餐食過(guò)敏史的情況；在為兒童乘客提供熱飲時(shí)往往只倒半杯，以防止?fàn)C傷，并時(shí)常關(guān)注兒童乘客的活動(dòng)狀態(tài)等。而乘坐韓國(guó)某航空公司的班機(jī)，在熱飯盒下，有一個(gè)配套的小瓷盤(pán)，乘客盡可以把飯盒端在手上而無(wú)燙手之感，這就是細(xì)節(jié)之美。僅僅茶杯上未洗凈的一點(diǎn) 茶漬、酒杯上遺留的少許口紅、端給乘客的一杯沒(méi)有泡沫的啤酒、乘務(wù)員眼神里流露的一絲冷漠，都會(huì)給乘客帶來(lái)極大的不快，甚至乘客下次不會(huì)再購(gòu)買(mǎi)該航空公司的機(jī)票。例如，在空中飛行時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的情況下，為了豐富乘客的空中生活，由乘務(wù)員向乘客介紹一些有趣的健身操或者互動(dòng)小游戲，并且?guī)ьI(lǐng)乘客一起做，以此緩解旅途的疲勞和枯燥。 人性化的服務(wù)首先現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該細(xì)心的替乘客著想，讓乘客在航班上感到舒適、放松。 我國(guó)空乘服務(wù)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì) 、人性化趨勢(shì) 在很多人