電大流行病學(xué)期末重點復(fù)習考試小抄【微縮打印版】-最新電大流行病學(xué)考試必備小抄-wenkub.com
2025-05-30 08:36 本頁面
【正文】 an. Lou held a joint interview w ith 27 media, including China Daily, the first in a series of interviews entitled Chinese Media Along the Silk Road. The interview s will be in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, as w ell as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey. The media group held the first interview on Wednesday morning in Xi39。s ancient indigenous religion, while Du jiang yan is considered to be the oldest functioning watercontrol project in the world. Chengdu ranked third in tourist facilities, management and services among 60 Chinese cities in a customer satisfaction survey released last year. But, Li added that efforts are still needed to develop more tourism products, improve English services and provide accurate translation of traffic signs and scenic billboards. Zhao Yun, chairwoman of British Chamber of Commerce Southwest China, told China Daily that his colleagues found the policy very convenient. A British client once flew here and stayed for just one day to check her ordered goods, she said. Zhao was born in Shanxi province, but she has lived in Chengdu for more than 10 years. My life was like a running race moving from place to place. I also lived in Beijing and Shanghai before, she said. But Chengdu is a place that you never want to leave once settling down. It is now my second hometown, she said. If the environment is further improved, the city will attract more people to visit and live, with the 72hour visafree policy and pelling conditions in transportation, culture, climate and cuisine, he said. Foreigners also gave positive feedback on the policy. A spokesman from Dell Inc said the pany has a global hub of operation in Chengdu, so the threeday visa has an immediate and positive influence on the pany39。標志物種類 ： 暴露 標志、效應(yīng)標志、易感性標志、 Visafree policy brings Chengdu biz, tourism boost. Making national headlines several times, Chengdu39。它不是一個純生物學(xué)的現(xiàn)象，其過程經(jīng)常受自然因素和社會因素的影響。 ： （ 1）傳染源活動范圍；（ 2）傳播途徑的特點；（ 3）周圍人群的免疫狀況。 流行過程表現(xiàn)為群體現(xiàn)象，受 自然因素 和 社會因素 的影響而傳染過程是在個 體中發(fā)生的純生物現(xiàn)象 ， 兩因素 。 對外環(huán)境抵抗力較強的病原體才需要進行。 2 疫源地消毒 對現(xiàn)有或曾有傳染源存在的場所進行消毒。 第三級預(yù)防 積極治療患者，防止心力衰竭等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生，做好社會康復(fù)和職業(yè)康復(fù)工作。 三級預(yù)防 ： 又稱臨床預(yù)防，是在疾病的發(fā)病后期為了減少疾病的危害所采取的措施。 總之，以上標準符合越多，則因果關(guān)聯(lián)的可能性越高，其中時間順序是必要條件，而特異性則應(yīng)該放棄。 關(guān)聯(lián)的特異性 指暴露因素與疾病之間的一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系。有重復(fù)性的證據(jù)更能支持因果關(guān)聯(lián)的成立，而少數(shù)或個別研究的不同并不能簡單否定因果假設(shè)，需進一步研究證實。 劑量 反應(yīng)關(guān)系 當某因子可以定量或分等級，且因子的量變或等級的變化帶來人群發(fā)病率的相應(yīng)變化，則二者之間因果關(guān)聯(lián)的可能性更大。 排除法（剩余法） 如果一種疾病有多種可疑的病因，當其中多種因素已被排除，則剩余因素是該病的病因的可能性就大大增加。 流行病學(xué)病因研究的基本步驟 描述分布 形成假設(shè) 檢驗假設(shè) 病因推斷 建立病因假設(shè)的推理方法 求同法 在不同情況下某病的高發(fā)人群中，如果具有某一共同的因素，則該因素很可能為該病的病因。概率論的因果觀，原因就是使結(jié)果發(fā)生概率升高的事件或特征，即一定的原因可能導(dǎo)致一定的結(jié)果。（ 3）混合型 以上兩型都有。 目的 ： 查明疾病爆發(fā)的流行因素，以采取有效措施控制疫情，防止疾病繼續(xù)傳播蔓延。（ 3）多因素分析 如多元相關(guān)與回歸、多元 Logistic 回歸等。（ 1）運用正確的資料收集方法和嚴格的質(zhì)量控制 （ 2）采用 “ 盲法 ” 收集資料 （ 3
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