外文翻譯---全球林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力：以德國(guó)為例的實(shí)證研究-其他專(zhuān)業(yè)-wenkub.com
2025-01-15 09:21 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 研究和發(fā)展這種潛在的開(kāi)發(fā)的重要因素。薪酬水平和工資成本競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的驅(qū) 14 動(dòng)力 ， 將很有可能不會(huì)改變未來(lái)在德國(guó)。由于專(zhuān)有技術(shù)和資本流動(dòng)容易獲得，這 個(gè)事實(shí)可以被解釋為一個(gè)輕微的全世界加工水平的協(xié)調(diào)。在 1993 年和 2021 年間德國(guó)的全部木材商品平均出口增長(zhǎng)了%。前文提到的全球林產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)與整體發(fā)展同步（比同期平均增長(zhǎng) %）。在亞洲，中國(guó)已經(jīng)成為了一個(gè)木材商品市場(chǎng)，平均每年的出口和 進(jìn)口增長(zhǎng)率分別為 19%和 11%。 進(jìn)一步關(guān)注區(qū)域間貿(mào)易流動(dòng)和 1993 年到 2021 年區(qū)域的發(fā)展是值得的（如圖 3）。大約有三分之一的全球木材 商品貿(mào)易是在西歐進(jìn)行的。德國(guó)、中國(guó)或比利時(shí)盧森堡顯示出相當(dāng)平衡的比例。 全球木材市場(chǎng)的簡(jiǎn)介 2021 年，在木材貨物市場(chǎng)中，主要的參與者是加拿大、美國(guó)、大多數(shù)歐洲國(guó)家、中國(guó)、香港、墨西哥、馬來(lái)西亞、俄羅斯、印度尼西亞，巴西和日本（如圖 2）。因此，一個(gè) 12 國(guó)家市場(chǎng)份額的發(fā)展對(duì)世界上國(guó)家的政治結(jié)構(gòu)和數(shù)量的變化是 十分敏感的。然而，這些數(shù)據(jù)是無(wú)法獲取的；因此，本次研究的范圍僅限于出口。在這方面已經(jīng)沒(méi)有區(qū)別了，從整個(gè)家具貿(mào)易來(lái)看，這只是林產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)的部分連鎖行業(yè)。它的分類(lèi)依據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)《標(biāo)準(zhǔn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易分類(lèi)修訂》（國(guó)際貿(mào)易標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類(lèi)修訂版 3） 。選擇相當(dāng)全面的定義是因?yàn)榧庸?lái)了高附加值，還因?yàn)樗梢员豢醋鞲叨劝l(fā)達(dá)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征。 一個(gè)比較全面的林產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)的定義被應(yīng)用到了目前研究上。舉個(gè)例子，木材是一種原材料，它除了作為能源使用外，還可以被處理和提煉成幾個(gè)高價(jià)值的產(chǎn)品，特別是那些用在建筑和印刷行業(yè)的產(chǎn)品。不過(guò)，應(yīng)該牢記個(gè)別部門(mén)以決定性因素為導(dǎo)向的指標(biāo)關(guān)聯(lián)。對(duì)決定性因素變化的預(yù)測(cè)可以讓我們對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)的發(fā)展作一個(gè)事前估計(jì)。由于缺乏對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力明確的定義，所以制訂并提出了一些指標(biāo)，這些指標(biāo)結(jié)合起來(lái)可以描述一個(gè)特定的部門(mén)或國(guó) 家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境。 在經(jīng)濟(jì)政策爭(zhēng)論和報(bào)告中，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是一個(gè)常用的詞匯。本次研究致力于這些變化，它們可以被稱(chēng)為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力變化，本文把森林工業(yè)部門(mén)作為研究重點(diǎn)。因此，世界增長(zhǎng)的停滯會(huì)對(duì)德國(guó)林產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)產(chǎn)生重要影響。 CMS 分析提供了兩種關(guān)鍵的結(jié)果：大多數(shù)領(lǐng)先木材出口商按絕對(duì)價(jià)值計(jì)算反映的只是低的出口增長(zhǎng)率，反之亦然。 AI 表明那些專(zhuān)業(yè)出口木材商品的國(guó)家大多數(shù)同時(shí)也是重要的木材進(jìn)口國(guó)。經(jīng)過(guò)全球木材市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu) 和發(fā)展的介紹說(shuō)明后，得到兩個(gè)以結(jié)果為導(dǎo)向的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力指標(biāo)：顯示性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)（ RCA），它表明一個(gè)國(guó)家是否可以專(zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)某一特定的行業(yè)。 significant exporters are Canada, Sweden, Finland and Indonesia. Fig. 2 Major timber modity exporters in the year 2021 (accounting for 82% of the total exports。 1 中文 4180 字 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 外文題目 :Competitiveness in the global forest industry sector: an empirical study with special emphasis on Germany 出 處： European J Forest Res 作 者： Matthias Dieter Hermann Englert Competitiveness in the global in forest industry sector: an empirical study with special emphasis on Germany TuranSubsat ABSTRACT The objective of the presented study is to analyze the petitiveness of the German forest industry sector against the background of the international timber markets. The analysis is conducted based on global bilateral trade data in moary terms. Timber modities are grouped according to twelve modity classes。 arranged according to size) and their respective imports (accounting for 77% of the total imports) A global view of the world trade flows of timber is given in the regional analysis depicted in Fig. 3. It shows, that for the eight main regions (a) Northern America, (b) Latin America, (c) Western Europe, (d)Eastern Europe including Russia, (e) Africa, (f) Japan,(g) rest of Asia and (h) Australia/Oceania1 trade with and within Western Europe is dominating. About one third of the global timber modity trade occurs between Western European 7 countries. Other centers of timber modity trade are Northern America, Eastern Europe and Asia. This picture suggests a strong position of the Western European forest industry in the global timber modity markets. However, if the EU developed into one state only, the outstanding market share of intratrade would diminish significantly. Fig. 3 Timber modity world market in the year 2021 . Trade within and between the different regions shown in percent of the global trade volume (only trade flows greater than 1% are diagrammed). Figures in brackets show the change since 1993 in percentage points It is worth taking a closer look at the interregional trade flows and the development within the regions between 1993 and 2021 (Fig. 3). With regard to both, intraregional trade, the region with the highest growth is Eastern Europe including Russia. In particular the intensity of trade with Western European countries has roughly doubled in both directions within the 10 year period. Timber modity trade between Western Europe and Asia has reached the same level as between Western Europe and Northern America. Within Asia, China has bee an outstanding timber modity market, with average annual growth rates of 19 and 11% for exports and imports, respectively. This general background information gives a first impression of petitiveness in the global timber market: global timber markets are growing all over the world, although t
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