外文翻譯---全球林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門的競爭力：以德國為例的實(shí)證研究-其他專業(yè)-文庫吧
2024-12-30 09:21 本頁面
【正文】 obal aspects. Competitiveness is a monly used term in economic policy debates and papers. However, until now there has been no clear definition of what petitiveness is exactly and 3 of how it can be measured in quantitative terms. Strictly speaking petitiveness is not a feature of a sector or even of the overall economy of a country but only of a single enterprise. If an enterprise is able to hold ground in a market and to earn “high” real ine in the long run it is petitive. Balassa (1962, p. 27) accurately speaks of the “ability to sell” as a petitive feature of enterprises. Due to the lack of a prominent definition of petitiveness several indicators have been developed and presented which in bination enable the characterization of the petitive situation of a specific sector and/or country. These can be classified into two groups (Gries and Hentschel 1994, p. 417): Resultoriented indicators: These reveal the realized petitive situation of a sector and/or country from the expost perspective. Typical resultoriented indicators are terms of trade, revealed parative advantage (RCA), constant market shares, relative unit values or the presence in high technology segments. Determinantoriented indicators: These are based on the assumption of a correlation between the determinants and the petitive situation of a country. Forecasts of the development of the determinants allow for an exante estimation of the development of the petitive situation. Typical indicators are the legal and institutional framework of a country, its infrastructure, its social security system induced cost ponents, its private and public expenditure for research and development or its factor endowment. For a sector specific analysis, as is the case here, most of the resultoriented indicators are quite appropriate, whereas most of the determinantoriented indicators are more appropriate to analyze the petitiveness of the economy as a whole rather than to analyze the situation in a specific sector. For this reason the resultoriented indicators stand in the foreground of this study. Nevertheless, the relevance of the determinantoriented indicators for an individual sector should be kept in mind. An individual sector is of course affected by national wide changes in the legal, institutional or social framework, for example the development of ancillary wage costs. Data sources and definitions each sector analysis firstly requires a definition of which branches the sector is posed of and what the respective products are. In most cases these definitions are not determined by the nature of the activities or products. Wood for example is a raw material, which, besides its use for energy purposes, is processed and refined into several highvalue products, in particular those for use in the building and printing industries. In the course of processing, which in highly developed 4 economies is a rather continuous process between specialized plants or enterprises, the raw material wood gains added value from other inputs ., human capital, which can be much higher than the value of the wood input. Therefore, it is questionable whether the finished wood products should be attributed to the forest industry sector or to other sectors. Each definition of a boundary between the forest industry sector and the respective downstream sectors is more or less arbitrary. DATA SOURCES AND DEFINITIONS For the present study a rather prehensive definition of the forest industry sector is applied. It covers the producers of the following products: roundwood, sawnwood, wood based panels, wood products including furniture, pulp, paper and paperboard, printed matter and regenerated cellulose. The respective international market is referred to as the timber (modity) market. This definition is also in line with the recent definition of the forest industry sector by the European Parliament. The rather prehensive definition is chosen because processing yields higher added value, and hence can be seen as chara
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