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是上帝創(chuàng)造了世界和上帝在第四天創(chuàng)造了太陽。 創(chuàng)世紀名字取自第一首詩,意思是開始。講述了猶太教和基督教的歷史起源,開始了以色列入侵的歷史。除了上帝創(chuàng)造宇宙外,它還包括伊甸園、亞當和夏娃、該隱和亞伯、諾亞與洪水,通天塔、亞伯拉罕、以撒和雅各的全部故事,最后以雅各的兒子約瑟夫的故事結(jié)束。,第六十四頁,共八十三頁。,美國公民自由聯(lián)盟,The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) consists of two separate nonprofit organizations: the ACLU Foundation, a organization which focuses on litigation and communication efforts, and the American Civil Liberties Union, a organization which focuses on legislative lobbying. The ACLU39。s stated mission is “to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States.“,第六十五頁,共八十三頁。,It works through litigation, legislation, and community education. Founded in 1920 by Crystal Eastman, Roger Baldwin and Walter Nelles, the ACLU was the successor organization to the earlier National Civil Liberties Bureau founded during World War I. The ACLU reported over 500,000 members at the end of 2005.,第六十六頁,共八十三頁。,美國公民自由聯(lián)盟(American Civil Liberties Union,以下簡稱:ACLU)是一個美國的大型非營利組織,總部設(shè)于紐約市,其目的是為了「捍衛(wèi)和保護憲法與法律中所肯定的個人權(quán)利和自由」聯(lián)盟透過訴訟、推動立法以及社區(qū)教育達到其目標。ACLU在1920年成立。在2005年宣布他們的成員數(shù)已經(jīng)超過五十萬人。,第六十七頁,共八十三頁。,United States Law,第六十八頁,共八十三頁。,The legal system in the u.s.originated from the English system of common law,unwritten law in which precedent plays an important role.However,as the U.S. developed,its own system of written statutes and codes evolved. American Law is now based on a blend of written legal decisions and of legislation.,第六十九頁,共八十三頁。,美國法與英國法存在著很深的歷史淵源關(guān)系,從一開始就被打上了英國法的烙印,是在繼承和改造英國法的基礎(chǔ)上形成的獨具特色的法律體系。美國法的形成是在自身歷史發(fā)展過程中,按照自身的需要有選擇的對普通法進行的取舍。從大的法律結(jié)構(gòu)和理論背景上來說,它屬于普通法的系統(tǒng),但在一些具體的法律制度上,美國法又有其特別之處,第七十頁,共八十三頁。,There are two types of American law,civil law criminal law.,第七十一頁,共八十三頁。,Civil law covers suits between individuals(companies as well as people are“individuals”).Insuranceclaims,divorces,and business malpractices are example of matters handle under civil law. 美國民法的特點是:包括的范圍很廣,除若干州有單獨的民法外,一般包括許多有關(guān)契約、侵權(quán)、財產(chǎn)、繼承和婚姻家庭方面的制定法和判例,統(tǒng)稱為私法。,第七十二頁,共八十三頁。,Criminal law covers cases brought by the state against individuals:criminal offenses range from traffic tickets to major crimes like hijacking and murder. 刑法是規(guī)定犯罪、刑事責任和刑罰的法律,像搶劫、殺人的制定法和判例。,第七十三頁,共八十三頁。,美國有兩套法院組織系統(tǒng),聯(lián)邦法院組織系統(tǒng) 州法院組織系統(tǒng),第七十四頁,共八十三頁。,Federal courts:limited states district court: the jurisdiction of the federal courts is basically limited by the US constitution to cases based on federal law and to controversies between citizens of different states. The whole nation is divided geographically into more than 90 areas, in each of which is a “l(fā)imited states district Court“.,第七十五頁,共八十三頁。,聯(lián)邦最高法院是聯(lián)邦法院系統(tǒng)中的最高審級,它于1790年設(shè)立,最初由1名首席法官和5名法官共6人組成,以后有過幾次調(diào)整,最后固定為由1名首席法官和8名法官共9人組成。最高法院法官由總統(tǒng)提名,經(jīng)參議院同意后任命,終身任職,不經(jīng)國會彈劾不得被免職。 聯(lián)邦最高法院的判決對全國一切法院均有約束力。,第七十六頁,共八十三頁。,State courts州法院組織系統(tǒng),美國州法院的設(shè)置,由州法律自行規(guī)定,因而各州法院體制名稱不盡相同。州法院系統(tǒng)大致有州基層法院、州上訴法院和州最高法院三級。有的州只設(shè)初審和上訴審兩級。除憲法規(guī)定的或國會根據(jù)憲法授權(quán)規(guī)定的聯(lián)邦法院管轄范圍外,大部分民刑案件都由州法院管轄。對聯(lián)邦法院和州法院擁有共同管轄權(quán)的案件,原告有權(quán)決定在聯(lián)邦法院起訴還 是在州法院起訴。州最高法院還對所在 州的憲法和法律享有解釋權(quán)。,第七十七頁,共八十三頁。,陪審團,Jury: A group of laymen, called jurors, summoned to study the evidence and determine the facts in a dispute tried in a court of law. The formally produced evidence is considered the basis for decision by an objective jury. The use of the jury system is an important protection against judicial and administrative tyranny and is provided in most criminal and civil cases.,第七十八頁,共八十三頁。,陪審團的基本作用是認定有關(guān)案件的事實。在有陪審團的訴訟中,法官不認定事實,而是控制訴訟程序,并根據(jù)陪審團認定的事實來作出判決。也就是說,如果陪審團認定被告無罪,被告就將當庭釋放,只有在陪審團認定被告有罪的情況下,法官才能根據(jù)相關(guān)法律量刑裁決。,第七十九頁,共八十三頁。,大陪審團,A grand jury of 12 to 23 members usually considers the evidence and determines whether a trial is justified. 大陪審團成員一般在12~23人,仔細考慮證據(jù)并確定審判的公正性。,第八十頁,共八十三頁。,小陪審團,A petty jury, usually of 12 members, sits at the trial proper and, after hearing the evidence, reaches a verdict. Traditionally, the verdict was required to be unanimous, but today some states allow majority verdicts. 小陪審團,通常由12名成員組成,根據(jù)證據(jù)作出判決?,F(xiàn)在已允許少于十二名陪審官組成的陪審團所作出的裁決以及陪審團沒有全體一致,只是多數(shù)或絕對多數(shù)通過作出的裁決。,第八十一頁,共八十三頁。,猴子審判在美國歷史上的地位,“猴子審判”成為“反現(xiàn)代宗教裁判”的著名案例,是理性與愚昧、科學與宗教在法律領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的一次重大較量,在法律史、思想史上都具有非凡的意義。,第八十二頁,共八十三頁。,內(nèi)容總結(jié),The Trial That Rocked the World。在介紹案例之前,先簡單介紹一下達爾文的進化論。猴子審判在美國歷史上的地位,第八十三頁,共八十三頁