【導(dǎo)讀】論文、教科書、科技報告和學(xué)術(shù)講演中所使用的英語；科技英語，有很強的與業(yè)性，不與業(yè)知識配合密切；–掌握與業(yè)英語術(shù)語，提高閱讀和翻譯與業(yè)英語文獻的能力；–了解國外與業(yè)領(lǐng)域的最新發(fā)展動態(tài)和前沿知識；–掌握流行的研究方法和工具。–熟讀與業(yè)文獻；–精讀與業(yè)論文；那里學(xué)到的打兔子本領(lǐng)擒獲一只兔子。–本科及以前的階段。這一階段是學(xué)習(xí)撿“死”兔子的過程。知識都是現(xiàn)成的、經(jīng)。前人驗證了的，本科生學(xué)習(xí)的是如何把兔子撿到手、拿回家；需要在導(dǎo)師的指引下，打一只活的、在視野里奔跑的兔子（有待解。決的問題、還沒有被驗證的知識）；需要在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下去森林中找一只兔子，并判斷是否值得去獵取，再用更高級的獵取技術(shù)去將兔子取在手中；此時，導(dǎo)師叫合作導(dǎo)師，他要和博士后一起來確定究竟到哪里去尋。狩獵，并重復(fù)以上過程。–高等學(xué)校工程管理系列經(jīng)典教材?國際工程合同管理(雙語)，韋嘉，

　　

【正文】 nformation。 specific information / datayielding parts。 – Additional: how the questionnaire is delivered / returned? When is the deadline? acknowledgement of the respondent39。s time – Covering letter is sometimes necessary 2020/9/10 50 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Attention! – ensure that all items listed are strictly necessary to the question objectives – ensure that all items are clearly worded, and mean the same thing to the respondent as they do to you – avoid items which make use of jargon, technical terms or words which are outside the sample39。s knowledge range – the respondent should not have to look outside the survey – in other words, try and recall fotten events – Each question should relate to one issue only – response items should be exhaustive and mutually exclusive – do not provide too many alternatives – 15 is considered a maximum 2020/9/10 51 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Pilot suvey – It is to avoid the frustration and rework due to omission or ignorance to the reality when initializing the questionnaire – It can help the researcher to detect any flaws in questions and correct them prior to the main survey. – It can even help to vert open questions to closed ones – It can be done within a small group (. several colleagues or friends) during or after the process of designing questionnaire 2020/9/10 52 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Pilot suvey – Ask your “ guinea pigs” the following questions: – How long did it take to plete? – Were the instructions clear? – Were any questions unclear or ambiguous? – Did you object to answering any questions? – Was the layout clear and attractive? – Any other ments? 2020/9/10 53 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Sampling – A sample is a subset of the population that is usually chosen because to access all members of the population is prohibitive in time, money and others – Probability amp。 nonprobability sampling – Nonresponse should be considered when determining the sample – Sample size depends on 1. Methodology selected 2. Degree of accuracy required for the study (how much error can be tolerated) 3. Likely response rate (which itself will depend on sampling method selected) 4. Time and money available 2020/9/10 54 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Administration – Facetoface questionnaire administration, where an interviewer presents the items orally. – Paperandpencil questionnaire administration, where the items are presented on paper (locations may be home/office/street/mall) – Computerized questionnaire administration, where the items are presented on the puter – Adaptive puterized questionnaire administration, where a selection of items is presented on the puter, and based on the answers on those items, the puter selects optimized items accordingly. – , , 2020/9/10 55 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Factors to increase your success? – KISS – keep it short and simple – Make the job of filling it in easy, use good presentation with tick boxes etc., and provide a prepaid envelope – Make the questions closed rather than open – Trial the survey, to see how easy it is to fill in – Provide an incentive – a gift, or stating the importance – Address any concerns that the respondents may have – privacy etc. – Follow up nonrespondents – send out further letters 2020/9/10 56 Research Methodology – Homework – Design a questionnaire about acmodation for college students – In English – Full format (better electronically ) and should include: 1. Current status 2. Attitude 3. Expectation 4. Any more? – Two weeks period – Will be a part of final examination 2020/9/10 57 Research Methodology – Interview What is interview? – A purposeful conversation between two people where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee – Purpose is to find out what is on someone39。s mind – It requires skills for a good interview – Normally facetoface but also possible over the phone or by mail – Interviews may be useful as followup to certain respondents to questionnaire 2020/9/10 58 Research Methodology – Interview types Unstructured interviews – the researcher attempts to achieve a holistic understanding of the interviewees’ point of view or situation – Interviewee talks freely and only few questions are possible to ask – can produce a great deal of data which can be difficult to analyse, so only be used for qualitative research Semistructured interviews – researcher wants to know specific information which can be pared and contrasted with information gained in other interviews – same questions need to be asked in each interview – A list of specific questions (interview schedule) to be discussed Structured interviews – The interviewer asks you a series of questions and ticks boxes with your response – used in quantitative research and can be conducted facetoface or over the telephone 2020/9/10 59 Research Methodology – Interview questions General questions Descriptive questions History / context Reflective questions Networking questions Please tell me your anization/program/yourself/? What is your mission? How do you ment your work? Can you describe the relationship between your work and xxx? What do you offer in related to xxx? How has your anization changed since its founding? What challenge have you encountered along the way? What impact do you feel after using xxx? What challenge or obstacle have you encountered when deploying xxx? Who else do you know in this area? Do you know pany A or B (petitor / user)? Types Sample questions Trend / movement Do you feel you are part of a social movent? What do you expect in 5 years period? 2020/9/10 60 Research Methodology