【正文】 re less expensive, and permit data collection from a larger sample – Questionnaire has to be designed well for it is really effective. 2020/9/10 44 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Stage of constructing a questionnare 2020/9/10 45 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Type of question items – Questions are in two formats: open and closed, which means the respondents can answer the questions in their full willingness or can only answer them as determined by the researcher – Closed questions are easier for the respondent to answer, and also to code and analyse, than open questions which require content other than statistical analysis 2020/9/10 46 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Open questions are adopted: – when it is not easy to foresee the answers – when the responses may be influenced by the choices (limitation) – when detecting choices – where flexibility is called for – where initial responses necessitate more indepth followup questions 2020/9/10 47 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Closed questions may be the following type: – Multiple choice: involves selecting from a range of options – Free choice: can choose one or more option from a list, which should include all alternatives and not be mutually exclusive – Ranked: to list alternatives according to an order – Rating: answer rates items according to a scale 2020/9/10 48 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Sequence – Questions should flow logically from one to the next and should flow from the least sensitive to the most sensitive, from the factual and behavioral to the attitudinal, and from the more general to the more specific – Add a number for each question indicating the place in the questionnaire sequence (in particular, if you…, go…) – Screening or sampleanizing questions should present early – Group similar questions together within sections 2020/9/10 49 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Structure – Instruction / introduction: who you are? purpose of survey? what you want the respondents do? – Main body: general information。 on the other hand, not a single research will adopt all available approaches – the selection of appropriate research approaches is constrained by some variables, such as research’s nature, available resources and researcher’s ability 2020/9/10 33 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Laboratory experiment – It permits the researchers to identify precise relationships between chosen variables via a designed laboratory situation to make generalised statements applicable to reallife situation, by using quantitative analytical techniques. – It can study a small number of variables on a well controlled and intensive environment. But the extent is limited due to oversimplification and isolation of laboratory situation from the real world. 2020/9/10 34 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Field experiment – It extends the laboratory into reallife situations of anization and / or society. So, it has greater realism and is less artificial / sanitized. – But, in practice, it’s difficult to find an anization prepared to be experimented on and also difficult to achieve sufficient control to enable replication. 2020/9/10 35 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Surveys – They enable researcher to obtain data about practices, situations or views at a particular point in time through questionnaire or interview, and make inferences by using quantitative analytical techniques regarding the relationships. – They are able to study a greater number of variables than experiments and can describe a real world. It is also easy / appropriate to generalize the findings. – The major weakness is found that little insights related to causes / processes behind the phenomena can be obtained. There is also possible bias in respondents, the researcher and the time when the research is undertaken. 2020/9/10 36 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Case study – It offers the researcher ability to describe the relationships which exist in reality, usually within a single anization – It captures “reality” in greater detail and analyses more variables than possibly experiments and surveys do. – But, as it is usually restricted to a single event / anization, it is considered weak in generalizing. – Also, the studies are lack of control and different researchers would have different interpretations of the same data 2020/9/10 37 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Forecasting / future research – It uses more mathematical techniques such as regression analysis and time series analysis with some data to make prediction about the future events. – It can provide insights into likely future occurrences in situations where existing relationships may lead to – This approach is plex and needs higher abilities / skills of the researcher – Since it is lack of real knowledge of future events and is based on the past data, the finding may not be “true” and cannot represent the real future, especially when the relationships change dramatically. 2020/9/10 38 Research Methodology – Selection of Approaches Action research – It is a form of applied research approach attempting to obtain results of practical value to groups with whom the researcher is allied – It is similar to case study and so the oute is usually restricted to a single event / anization – The personal ethics of the particular research is a key issue, as the opportunity for researcher’s intervention is always present 2020/9/10 39 Research Methodology – Survey What is a survey? – It is a very monly used method in business research (both academic and mercial) which gathers data mainly from people usin