【正文】 as they may bee your colleagues or bosses) 3. Author list convention: alphabetical or ranked (note: first and corresponding) 4. Abstract: brief outline of the results presented in the paper 5. Acknowledgements, declarations, references 6. Tables and figures Different journals may have different format – Length, font, paragraph, spacing, column, etc – Reference style 2020/9/10 25 How to read a research paper? Don’t panic, follow the step: – Skimming: Skim the paper quickly, noting basics like headings, figures and the like. This takes just a few minutes. You39。 2020/9/10 6 兔子定理與研究生教育 兔子定理 – 導(dǎo)師負(fù)責(zé)給研究生指出兔子在哪里，并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)打兔子的本領(lǐng)（如何寫論文） ； – 研究生則是從導(dǎo)師那里了解到兔子的位置、大小、肥瘦，并采用從導(dǎo)師那里學(xué)到的打兔子本領(lǐng)擒獲一只兔子（完成論文）。gap39。s views or explore attitudes – . to a new service, or attitudes of employees – conduct an exploratory study, prior to doing further research。 obtain facts,. spending patterns, transport habits, buying habits 2020/9/10 41 Research Methodology – Survey Advantages of survey? – Good at gathering a large amount of data from different sources – Can be used to access a wide range of information, such as attitudes, beliefs, values, and past behaviors – Easy to administer a survey – a lot of the work is done up front, the administrative work is usually routine and repetitive – Possible to ask very specific, focused questions 2020/9/10 42 Research Methodology – Survey Disadvantages of survey? – nonresponse can be a big problem and you may end up with an unrepresentative response rate – You only get answers to the questions that you ask – You depend on respondents having the motivation to respond and responding honestly – It is not good for affective issues, or for exploring issues in depth, because the questions have to be so focused – It is not good for plex social phenomenon, because of the above 2020/9/10 43 Research Methodology – Questionnaire What is Questionnaire? – A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents – Questionnaire survey is a highly effective method of data collection, in that they require less time to administer and are therefore less expensive, and permit data collection from a larger sample – Questionnaire has to be designed well for it is really effective. 2020/9/10 44 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Stage of constructing a questionnare 2020/9/10 45 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Type of question items – Questions are in two formats: open and closed, which means the respondents can answer the questions in their full willingness or can only answer them as determined by the researcher – Closed questions are easier for the respondent to answer, and also to code and analyse, than open questions which require content other than statistical analysis 2020/9/10 46 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Open questions are adopted: – when it is not easy to foresee the answers – when the responses may be influenced by the choices (limitation) – when detecting choices – where flexibility is called for – where initial responses necessitate more indepth followup questions 2020/9/10 47 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Closed questions may be the following type: – Multiple choice: involves selecting from a range of options – Free choice: can choose one or more option from a list, which should include all alternatives and not be mutually exclusive – Ranked: to list alternatives according to an order – Rating: answer rates items according to a scale 2020/9/10 48 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Sequence – Questions should flow logically from one to the next and should flow from the least sensitive to the most sensitive, from the factual and behavioral to the attitudinal, and from the more general to the more specific – Add a number for each question indicating the place in the questionnaire sequence (in particular, if you…, go…) – Screening or sampleanizing questions should present early – Group similar questions together within sections 2020/9/10 49 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Structure – Instruction / introduction: who you are? purpose of survey? what you want the respondents do? – Main body: general information。research space39。 2020/9/10 3 Chinglish 2020/9/10 4 課程目的何在？ – 掌握與業(yè)英語術(shù)語，提高閱讀和翻譯與業(yè)英語文獻(xiàn)的能力； – 了解國外與業(yè)領(lǐng)域的最新發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)和前沿知識(shí)； – 掌握流行的研究方法和工具。 Computer Security, vol. 6, pp. 160161, 1998 – Use software (. EndNote) to manage your references 2020/9/10 22 Literature Review – EndNote – EndNote is a software developed by Thomson Reuters, for managing your reference library – It can store and anize numerous references and other files – It can create instant bibliographies in word processing software – It helps you to modify your reference style at your willingness 2020/9/10 23 How to read a research paper? – Reading research paper is partly a matter of experience and skill, and partly learning the specific vocabulary of a field – It is not reading a novel, so it’s not linear. You can skip some points and go where you are really interested in. – You are required to read them because: 1. journal papers are current。s time – Covering letter is sometimes necessary 2020/9/10 50 Research Methodology – Questionnaire Development Attention! – ensure that all items listed are strictly necessary to the question objectives – ensure that all items are clearly worded, and mean the same thing to the respondent as they do to you – avoid items which make use of jargon, technical terms or words which are outside the sample39。 Objectives? – Research aims and objectives are synonymous in dictionaries – In resea