【正文】 ate because the laminate material is made of glass fibers in an epoxy, and epoxies are carbon based. 有機(jī)化合物即可存在于自然界，也可以在實(shí)驗(yàn)室合成。 Natural pounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are still extracted from natural sources because they would be far too expensive to be produced artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, and in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically plicated molecules present in reasonable concentrations in living pounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens, carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones, lipids and fatty acids, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and amino acids, vitamins. 天然化合物是指那些由植物或動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)的，其中許多天然產(chǎn)物仍然來(lái)源于天然原料的提取，因?yàn)槿斯どa(chǎn)將過(guò)于昂貴。生物體主要組成是水和有機(jī)物如：蛋白質(zhì)，碳水化合物，脂肪，核酸，激素，維生素和其他成分。 for example, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, carbides. In general, however, the workers in these areas are not concerned about strict range from substances that are strictly inanic, such as [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, to anometallic pounds such as Fe(C5H5)2 and extending to bioinanic pounds, such as the hydrogenase enzymes. 許多無(wú)機(jī)化合物包含碳 。 There are over three million known（已知的） pounds, with no end in sight as to the number that can and will be prepared in the future. Each pound is unique and has characteristic physical and chemical properties. Let us consider in some detail two pounds water and mercuric oxide. Water is a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that can be changed to a solid, ice, at 00C and to a gas, steam at 100℃ ?. It is posed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen per molecule, which represents percent hydrogen and percent oxygen by weight?. Water reacts chemically with sodium to produce hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide, with lime to produce calcium hydroxide, and with sulfur trioxide to produce sulfuric acid. No other pound has all these exact physical and chemical properties。 ? The atoms of the elements in a pound are bined in whole number ratio, not in fractional parts of an atom. Atoms bined with one another to form pounds which exist as either molecule or ions. A molecule is a small, uncharged individual unit of a pound formed by the union of two or more atoms, if we subdivide a drop of water into smaller and smaller particals。 103. 鐒， Lr(Lawrencium)，以紀(jì)念美國(guó)核物理學(xué)家勞倫斯 (Ernest OrlandoLawrence)，他 是 1939 年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者。 87. 鈁， Fr(Francium)，因發(fā)現(xiàn)者是法國(guó)人，為紀(jì)念自己的祖國(guó) (France，法蘭西 )而命名。 74. 鎢， W(Wolframium)， 得名于德國(guó)的黑鎢礦 (Wolframite)， 所以德語(yǔ)稱(chēng)其為 Wolfram。 58. 鈰， Ce(Cerium)，為紀(jì)念第一顆剛發(fā)現(xiàn)的小行星 Ceres(羅馬神話(huà)中谷類(lèi)的女神 )的發(fā) 現(xiàn)而得名。 40. 鋯， Zr(Zirconium)， 得名于鋯礦(Zircon)， 阿拉伯語(yǔ)意思是朱砂， 波斯語(yǔ)意思是金色。 ? 鉻， Cr(Chromium)，因其化合物具有多種顏色而得名，希臘語(yǔ) Chroma 意思是“美麗 的顏色”。 ? 氮， N(Nitrogenium, [En]Nitrogen)， 即形成硝石的元素， 由希臘語(yǔ) Nitron(意思是硝石， 演變?yōu)槔≌Z(yǔ)就是 Nitre)得名，后綴 gen 。 ? ： ? 專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)較一般文章的句子結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜，且長(zhǎng)句較多，這樣，能更精確地揭示事物的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。使本教材有簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜、由化學(xué)到化工、有設(shè)備到工藝、由基礎(chǔ)到前沿的順序安排學(xué)習(xí)。 PART ONE: BASMENT CHEMISTRY KNOLMOGY 第一部分 基礎(chǔ)化學(xué)知識(shí) Lesson One Elements and Compounds 第一課 元素和化合物 Elements are pure substances that cannot be deposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes?. At the present time there are 109 known elements. Some mon elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, copper, nitrogen, and gold?. The elements are the building blocks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the building blocks for numbers. To the best of our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also prise the entire universe?. 元素是不能被普通化學(xué)反應(yīng)分解成簡(jiǎn)單物質(zhì)的純凈物，在目前已知的元素有 109種。 ? 硫， S(Sulfur)，古代就已發(fā)現(xiàn)，因其晶體程黃色而得名 (梵語(yǔ) Sulvere，意思是鮮黃 色 )。關(guān)于它的詞源，一種說(shuō)法是 出自 Arsen(Arsen，意思是強(qiáng)烈 )，因?yàn)榕?(砷的氧化物 )是一種烈性毒藥；另一種說(shuō)法是由 波斯語(yǔ) AzZarnikh(雌黃， Az 是陰性冠詞， Zar 意思是黃金 )演變而來(lái)。 ? 錫， Sn(Stannum)，古代就已發(fā)現(xiàn)，原意是堅(jiān)硬，因?yàn)殂~被摻入錫后會(huì)得到更加堅(jiān)硬 的青銅， 英語(yǔ) 為 Tin。 67. 鈥， Ho(Holmium)，因其發(fā)現(xiàn)者是瑞典人，為紀(jì)念他的故鄉(xiāng)斯德哥爾摩 (Stockholm) 而得名。 81. 鉈， Tl(Thallium)，因其光譜是綠色而得名 (Thallium，拉丁語(yǔ)綠枝的意思 )。 96. 鋦， Cm(Curium)，以紀(jì)念法籍波蘭科學(xué)家居里夫人(Marie Curie, 18671934)，她發(fā) 現(xiàn)了釙 (84)和鐳 (88)，是 1903 年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)和 1911 年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者。 bined with（過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)） 和 in（介詞短語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明元素的存在形式。在晶體結(jié)構(gòu)中（離子）化合物中的離子中通過(guò)它們所帶的正、負(fù)電荷間的吸引力結(jié)合在一起，因此由離子組成的化合物不存在分子。它的質(zhì)量組成是 %汞和 %氧，當(dāng)把它加熱到超過(guò) 36000C時(shí)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生無(wú)色的氣體氧和液體汞，在這里再次表明這些特定的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)屬于氧化汞而不屬于其他物質(zhì)。任何兩個(gè)或更多的除碳以外的化學(xué)元素相結(jié)合的物質(zhì)，幾乎總是有一定的比例，包括一些含碳的但沒(méi)有碳碳鍵的化合物（例如碳酸鹽，氰化物）。 others include CC bonds in the definition. Others state that if a molecule contains carbon it is anic. 一種有機(jī)化合物是其分子含有碳的一大類(lèi)化合物中的任何一種，沒(méi)有一個(gè)“官方”的有機(jī)化合物的定義，有些課本定義一種有機(jī)化合物