【導讀】生物學的基本原理和現(xiàn)象；學習和工作服務；能夠用英語來分析、評價和寫作研究報告。其教學的重點即閱讀與寫作。及分子生物學等內容；注重加強學生在以上領域對生物學詞匯的熟悉；介紹普通科技英語詞匯；練習科技文獻檢索和科技論文寫作。專業(yè)詞匯的構詞法中以派生詞最多，合成詞其次，有一定量的轉換詞。nanosecond十億分之一秒；holocrine全（質分）泌；

　　

【正文】 are the anelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi plex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts. ? 溶酶體是液泡亞單位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解損傷的細胞殘片。 86 ? Mitochondria are the sites of energyyielding chemical reactions in all cells. In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATPgenerating enzymes are located. Mitochondria are selfreplicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once freeliving prokaryotes. ? 線粒體是細胞中化學產(chǎn)能的場所。另外，植物細胞中的質體在光合作用中利用光能產(chǎn)生碳水化合物，線粒體內嵴上提供了很大的表面積并分布著產(chǎn) ATP酶。線粒體自我復制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在進化中形成的后代。 87 ? There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, proteins, and oils。 and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important chromoplasts are chloroplastsanelles that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedded in a matrix called the stroma. ? 質體有兩種類型：白色體，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白質和油的儲備場所；色質體，含有色素。葉綠體是最重要的色質體，含有與光合作用有關的葉綠素。葉綠體的內部結構是由多層膜形成的葉綠體基粒，其中包埋在基質中的基粒稱子座。 88 Cytoskeleton All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other anelles. A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of microfilaments posed mainly of the contractile protein actin. They are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells. 所有的細胞都有細胞骨架，網(wǎng)絡結構的纖絲充滿了它所能觸及的全部空間并且對細胞器提供支持作用。細胞骨架大部分由微絲組成，微絲主要由可收縮的肌動蛋白組成。動植物細胞的許多種類型細胞內運動與肌動蛋白有關。 89 ? A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells. Another main structural ponent of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are posed of the globular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding（腳手架） that provides a stable cell shape. Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to provide tensile strength (張力 ) to the cell cytoplasm. Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin (驅動蛋白 ) interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements. ? 第二類蛋白是肌球蛋白，它與肌肉細胞的收縮有關。細胞骨架的另一個主要結構成分是微管，由球狀的微管蛋白組成，象腳手架一般維持細胞的穩(wěn)定形態(tài)。細胞骨架的中間絲提供了細胞質伸縮動力。機械酶，例如，肌球蛋白，動力蛋白，驅動蛋白與微絲，微管相互作用產(chǎn)生動力而引起細胞運動。 90 ? Movements（細胞運動） ? Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to cells, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping (爬行 ) or gliding. Such movements require a solid substrate to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry (幾何 ) of the surface. Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis， the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical. ? 盡管細胞骨架提供了細胞的某些穩(wěn)定性，微絲，微管及相關蛋白能使細胞爬行或滑動。這種運動需要固體基質依托并通過表面幾何形狀的改變而運動。某些細胞具備趨藥性，即趨向或逃離擴散開的化學源。 91 ? Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled (驅動 ) by whiplike cilia or flagella. Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal bodyis located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet. ? 某些真核細胞能在液體中自由運動，由纖毛或鞭毛推動。纖毛和鞭毛具有同樣的內部結構：九個雙微管環(huán)形排列，縱向延伸，環(huán)中心是由另兩個微管組成。纖毛或鞭毛從細胞表面的基體處生長，雙微管的動力蛋白臂從一側延伸到另一側而引起運動。 92 ? Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to anelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled from tubutin (微管蛋白 ) subunits near anelles called centrioles move to the chromosomes. ? 大部分植物細胞的營養(yǎng)，蛋白質和其它物質由細胞質流運輸。這個過程是由于依附在細胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在細胞周圍的微絲形成的。絕大部分細胞質運動由微絲和微管完成。在細胞分裂期間，中心粒周圍的由微管蛋白亞基裝配形成的紡錘體微管移向染色體。 93 長句翻譯作業(yè) ? This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?” ? 這種使用參照物的方法可以應用于許多種情況，也能用來找到很不相同的各種問題的答案，從“鐵生銹，是否必須有一定的濕度才行 ?”到“哪種豆類一季的產(chǎn)量最高 ?” 94 ? 2. It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle (盛大景象 ) and exciting event。 it grows as a mature interest in the variety and plexity of the drama(戲劇 ), the great achievements and terrible failures。 it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead, great and obscure(卑微的 ), who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being. 95 ? 我們對歷史的愛好起源于我們最初僅對一些歷史上的宏偉場面和激動人心的事件感到孩童般的興趣； 其后，這種愛好變得成熟起來，我們開始對歷史這出 “ 戲劇 ” 的多樣性和復雜性，對歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣； 對歷史的愛好，最終以我們對人類生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結束。 對死去的，無論是偉大與平凡，所有在這個地球上走過而已逝的人，都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。 96 ? 3. If parents were prepared for this adolescent (青春期的 ) reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting (憤恨 ) and resisting it. ? 如果做父母的對這種青少年的反應有所準備，而且認為這是一個顯示出孩子正在成長，正在發(fā)展