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詩歌類型-資料下載頁

2025-10-27 03:00本頁面
  

【正文】 ith | pleasure, / _ _ / _ _ / _ Ere the high | treetop she | sprung to, / _ _ / _ _ / _ Fit for her | nest and her | / _ / _ / / _ O, what a | hope beyond | measure / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _ Was the poor | spray‘s, which the | flying feet | hung to, / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _ So to be | singled out, | built in, and | sung to!(Robert Browning: Misconceptions)在這個詩節(jié)里,前五行每行八個音節(jié),劃分為三個揚抑抑格韻步,第六、七行有十一個音節(jié),劃分為四個揚抑抑格韻步,每行最后一個韻步在省略了一個非重讀音節(jié)后,用揚抑格代替了揚抑抑格。六、多種步格在一首詩歌中的同時運用 如: Woman | wants mo|nogamy。Man de|lights in | is| woman‘s | moon and has | other | forms of | lives but | in her to | ten, and | man is this | the gist | and sum | of earth|ly good |can e | of it?(Dorothy Parker: General Review of the Sex Situation)這首短詩使用了幾種步格,前六行是三韻步行,其中第一行至第六行的前兩個步格都是揚抑格,第一、二行的第三步格,即 | nogamy |、| novelty | 屬于揚抑抑格;第三、四、六行的第三步格,即 |moon and sun |、| forms of fun |、| man is bored | 屬于揚抑揚格;第五行第三步格| in her lord | 屬于抑抑揚格;第七、八行則屬于抑揚格韻步。第二章 英語詩歌的韻步數(shù) 第一節(jié) 單韻步行單韻步詩行(monometer)是由一個韻步構(gòu)成的詩行。例如斯科若的《希臘古甕頌總結(jié)》,就是由單韻步詩行寫成的詩: Gods chase Round say? What play? Don‘t , though.(Desmond Skirrow: Ode on a Grecian Urn Summarized)完全由單韻步詩行構(gòu)成的詩很稀有,單韻步詩行往往出現(xiàn)在多韻步詩行中間,如下面兩個詩節(jié)中的第七、八詩行: Go and catch a falling star, Get with child a mandrake root, Tell me where all past years are, Or who cleft the Devil‘s foot,Teach me to hear mermaids‘ singing, Or to keep off envy‘s stinging, And find What wind Serves to advance an honest mind.(John Donne: Song)第二節(jié) 雙韻步行雙韻步詩行(dimeter)是由兩個韻步構(gòu)成的一行詩。例如: Razors | pain you。Rivers | are damp。Acids | stain you。And drugs | cause aren‘t | lawful。Nooses | give。Gas smells | awful。You might | as well | live.(Dorothy Parker: R233。sum233。)除了最后一行,其他詩行都是雙韻步,而第六詩行的第二個韻步省略了非重讀音節(jié)。單韻步和雙韻步組合的詩行,威廉斯的《紅色手推車》是個代表性例子: so much | depends upon a red | wheel barrow glazed | with rain water beside | the white chickens.(: The Red Wheelbarrow)第三節(jié) 三韻步行和四韻步行 三韻步詩行(trimeter)和四韻步詩行(tetrameter)是由三個韻步和四個韻步構(gòu)成的詩行,例如: While I | am ly| ing on | the grass Thy two|fold shout | I hear From hill | to hill | it seems | to pass At once | far off | and near.….And I | can li|sten to | thee yet!Can lie | upon | the plain And li|sten, till |I do | begetThat gol|den time | again.(William Wordsworth: To the Cuckoo)在這首詩歌中,每個詩節(jié)的第一、三行是由四個韻步構(gòu)成的詩行,而第二、四行則是由三個韻步構(gòu)成的詩行。又如: The Ma|riner, | whose eye | is bright, Whose beard | with age | is hoar, Is gone:| and now | the We|ddingGuest Turned from | the bride|groom39。s went | like one | that hath | been stunned, And is | of sense | forlorn : A sa|dder and | a wi|ser man, He rose | the mo|rrow morn.(Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)同樣,每個詩節(jié)的第一、三行是由四個韻步構(gòu)成的詩行,而第二、四行則是由三個韻步構(gòu)成的詩行。三韻步詩行不但常與四韻步詩行交叉使用,也常與雙韻步詩行交叉使用。例如: Winter|time nighs。But my | bereave|mentpain It can|not bring | again: Twice no | one |petal | flee。But, since | it once | hath been, No more | that se|vering | scene Can ha|rrow faint | in dread: I shall | not lose | old strength In the | lone frost‘s | black length:Strength long | since fled!(Thomas Hardy: In Tenebris)幾乎每個詩節(jié)的第一、四行是雙韻步行(其中第二詩節(jié)第一行為三韻步行,第三韻步省略了非重讀音節(jié))。第二、三行為三韻步行。四韻步行還用于抑抑揚格和揚抑抑格韻步。如拜倫描寫《圣經(jīng)》中的亞述王在宮廷政變中被殺的詩歌《賽納克里布的毀滅》第三個詩節(jié),就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的抑抑揚格四韻步詩行: _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / For the An|gel of Death | spread his wings | on the blast, _ / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / And breathed | in the face | of the foe | as he passed。_ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / And the eyes | of the slee|pers waxed dead|ly and chill, _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / And their hearts | but once heaved|, and for e|ver grew still!(Lord Byron: The Destruction of Sennacherib)每行詩共十二個音節(jié),劃分為四個韻步,每個韻步由兩個非重讀音節(jié)加一個重讀音節(jié)組成。其中第二行第一個韻步省略了一個非重讀音節(jié)。第四節(jié) 五韻步行五韻步詩行(pentameter)是由五個韻步構(gòu)成的詩行。英語詩歌中的五韻步詩行一般都是由五個抑揚格韻步組成,這樣的詩行叫抑揚格五韻步詩行(iambic pentameter),這種詩行迄今為止,仍然是英語中使用最多的詩行。例如丁尼生的《提脫諾斯》第一詩節(jié): The woods | decay|, the woods | decay | and fall, The va|pors weep | their bur|then to | the ground, Man es | and tills | the field | and lies | beneath, And af|ter ma|ny a | summer | dies the | on|ly cru|el im|morta|lity Consumes: | I wi|ther slow|ly in | thine arms, Here at | the qui|et li|mit of | the world, A white|hair‘d sha|dow roa|ming like | a dream The e|versi|lent spa|ces of | the East, Farfol|ded mists|, and glea|ming halls | of morn.(Alfred Tennyson: Tithonus)每行詩都是十個音節(jié),幾乎每個韻步都是抑揚格。當(dāng)然,抑揚格韻步行的詩歌并非每個韻步都是抑揚格,往往有非抑揚格韻步的變化,如上面這個詩節(jié)的第五行,第三、五韻步就屬于抑抑格,具體分析如下:_ / _ / _ _ _ / _ _ Me on|ly cru|el im|morta|lity 莎士比亞的十四行詩都是抑揚格五韻步詩行,但幾乎每首十四行詩中都可以找到至少一個非抑揚格韻步。以最著名的《我可以把你比作夏天嗎?》為例: _ / _ / _ / _ / _ / But thy | eter|nal sum|mer shall |not fade, _ / _ / _ _ _ / _ / Nor lose | posse|ssion of | that fair | thou ow‘。甚至第一行第一、四個韻步都可以讀成抑抑格,第五個韻步可以讀成揚揚格。除了抑揚格韻步,五韻步還用于其他步格的韻步,如阿諾德的《靠自己》第一詩節(jié): / _ _ _ / _ / _ / _ Weary | of my|self, and | sick of | asking / _ / _ / _ / _ /.What I | am, and | what I | ought to | be,_ / / _ / _ / _ / _ At this | vessel39。s | prow I | stand, which | bears me / _ / _ / _ / _ / Forwards, | forwards, | o39。er the | starlit | sea.(Mathew Arnold: SelfDependence)這個詩節(jié)的基本節(jié)奏是揚抑格,但第一行的第二個韻步被替換成了抑抑格韻步,第二、四行最后一個韻步是尾省略韻步,省略了一個非重讀音節(jié)。第五節(jié) 六韻步行六韻步詩行(hexameter)是由六個韻步組成的詩行。其特點有二,一是往往通過停頓將一行六韻步詩行分為兩個半行詩,二是它的韻步常使用替換,例如錫德尼的十四行組詩《奧斯特洛菲爾與斯苔拉》第一首中的前四行: / _ _ / _ / _ / _ / _ / Loving | in truth ||, and fain | in verse | my love | to show, _ / _ / _ / _ / _ _ _ / That she |(dear She)| might take | some plea|sure of | my pain: / _ _ / _ / / _ _ / _ / Pleasure | might cause | her read||, reading | might make | her know, / _ _ / _ / _ / _ / _ / Knowledge | might pi|ty win||, and pi|ty grace | obtain。(Sir Philip Sidney: Astrophel and Stella)這四行詩的第一個特點是,每行都由一個停頓把一行詩分成兩個半行詩,其中有三行的中間出現(xiàn)標(biāo)點符號;第二個特點是替換。四行詩的基本節(jié)奏是抑揚格,但第一、三、四行的第一個韻步被替換成了揚抑格,第二行的第五個韻步被替換成了抑抑格。第六節(jié) 七韻步行七韻步詩行(heptameter)是由七個韻步組成的詩行。文藝復(fù)興時期英國詩人有時用抑揚格七韻步詩行寫詩,遵守由十四個音節(jié)組成抑揚格節(jié)奏,因此這類詩被稱為抑揚格七韻步詩(fourteeners),例如騷斯維爾的《燃燒的嬰孩》前幾行: _ / _ / _ / _ / / / _ _ _ _ / As I| in hoa|ry win|ter‘s night | stood shi|vering in |the snow,_ / _ / _ / _ / _ / _ / _ / Surprised | I was | with su|dden heat | which made | my heart | to glow。_ / _ / _ / _ / _ / _ / _ / And lif|ting up | a fear|ful eye | to view | what fire | was near, _ / _ / / / _
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