【導讀】會計為基礎(chǔ)的公允價值的初始確認和計量，由加拿大會計準則委員會的全體職員編寫。然意見包含了對于公允價值的討論，但它的主要目的是討論哪些計量屬性適合初始確認。意見是不斷更新的概念框架項目的一部分。因為意見范圍和意圖的不同，它不在此論文中討論。念框架計劃的第1號第157條以及現(xiàn)行公允價值計量指南。然而，指南在公允價值方面的要求通常被準則稀釋了，并且準則在這方面的說明也并。不是前后一致的。指南將會簡化國際財務(wù)報告準則并且改善財務(wù)報表中公允價值的信息質(zhì)量。價值的對象并且消除公眾對于通過國際財務(wù)報告準則傳播的指南方面的顧慮。例如，關(guān)于第3號準則第16段企業(yè)合并的指南中公允價值計量的。因此公允價值計量的主體就是在交易日決定買入資產(chǎn)或轉(zhuǎn)移負債能被交易對方。大部分國際會計準則理事會的成員認為以賣出價作為。在于評估每條標準規(guī)定的公允價值計量主體是否與準則給出的定義相一致。此外，即使沒有活躍市場或市場活動受限，公允價值的計

　　

【正文】 excluding heldtomaturity securities from revaluation, and measuring derivatives with fair values if managers have substantial leeway in calculating those fair values (Benston, 2021). Such practice risks being misleading since fair value expectations may end up falsified (Rayman, 2021). Particular criticisms of fair values include the argument that a direct relation between asset prices and fair value to shareholders does not always occur. Benston (2021) criticises the use of exit values in measuring fair values of assets such as special purpose machines and workinprocess inventories, for which exit values may equal zero or even be negative. Finally, Ronen (2021) criticises the relevance of fair value accounting measures, arguing that they are not a sound base for predicting future cash flows. He also criticises the reliability of fair value accounting measures because of subectivity of estimation, which can lead to moral hazard for managers (Ronen, 2021). Fair value accounting is also criticised because market values can be distorted due to market inefficiencies or investor irrationality (Laux amp。 Leuz, 2021a). A major opponent of fair value accounting is the banking industry, which has argued against fair value accounting, and lobbied against its full application (Zeff, 2021). Barth, Landsman, and Wahlen (1995) report that the banking industry in the United States accused the application of fair value accounting of causing increased volatility in earnings not related to the volatility of banks’ operations, which could lead to inefficient capital allocation and increased cost of capital for banks. This extended to the European Union, where the introduction of international accounting standards (particularly IAS 39) brought strong objection from the banking industry (Larson amp。 Street, 2021。 Zeff, 2021). The Application of Fair Value Accounting Studies covering the valuerelevance of fair value accounting have found that estimates for investment securities have significant explanatory power beyond that of historical cost measures (Barth, 1994。 Barth, Beaver, amp。 Landsman, 1996。 Barth amp。 Clinch, 1998。 Bernard, Merton, amp。 Palepu, 1995).Studies have also found that fair value earnings that result from recognising unrealised holding gains and losses are more volatile than historical cost accounting earnings (AlYaseen amp。 AlKhadash, 2021。 Barth et al., 1995。 Bernard et al., 1995). Some studies have reported that valuerelevance of fair value accounting measures also occurs under lessefficient market circumstances. For example, Carroll (2021) argue that incremental value relevance is not eliminated when an estimation of fair value for securities in Views from Bankers in Jordan 87 thin markets is used. They found that this result applies for both fair values of securities and fairvaluebased gains and , the results of other studies have not shown positive effects of applying fair value accounting measures. For example, Eccher, Ramesh, and Thiagarajan (1996) found that in some cases historical cost measures had incremental valuerelevance higher than that of fair value measures. Also, Nelson (1996) reported that fair values of investment securities have an incremental explanatory power relative to book values, but that this result applies only to investment securities, not deposits, loans, or longterm debt. Finally, Khurana and Kim (2021) found that for small bank holding panies and those with no analyst following, fair value accounting measures for loans and deposits are less informative than those of historical cost accounting measures. The adoption of IFRS in the European Union, including IAS 32 andIAS 39, had an effect on European capital markets. For example,Armstrong, Barth, Jagolinzer, and Riedl (2021) reported that Europeancapital markets show a positive reaction to events which increased thelikelihood of adopting IFRS, and a negative reaction to events decreasingthat likelihood, and that this result holds for banks, who openly opposed IAS 39. In addition, Larson and Street (2021) and Jermakowicz andGornikTomaszewski (2021) found that in Europe, IAS 32 and IAS 39 were perceived as too plicated and plex in implementation, and that thiswas a significant barrier to IFRS convergence. Callao, Jarne, and Lainez(2021), in a study on Spain, found that the application of fair value accounting for financial instruments led to shortterm weak parability and no improved relevance for financial reporting in the local stock did not find the same problem with property, plant and equipment revaluation, as this was an optional practice rejected by many panies. The Appilication of IFRS in Emerging Economies The convergence to IFRS and the actual implementation of IFRS in emerging economies was the subject of some research. Peng and Bewley(2021) studied the adoption of fair value accounting and its actualimplementation in China. They found that while IFRS fair valueaccounting standards are adopted to a high level in Chinese 2021 GAAP,they have not been widely incorporated in Chinese listed firms’ financialstatements, thus questioning the IFRS convergence in China. Similarresults in China were reported by Olesen and Cheng (2021), who foundthat while Chinese panies used the fair value method in their IFRS accounts, they used the cost method in their Chinese GAAP concluded that convergence of accounting standards did not lead toconvergence of accounting practices due to political, economic andhistorical reasons. In a study on Bahrain, Joshi, Bremser, and AlAjmi(2021) reported nationalism as an important impediment to global IFRS adoption, while Irvine and Lucas (2021) argue that the United ArabEmirates has to develop appropriate regulatory systems to deal with cultural issues concerning secrecy and fraud in order to assist in adopting IFRS.