【導(dǎo)讀】隨著金融危機(jī)逐漸離去，外貿(mào)企業(yè)尤其中小外貿(mào)企業(yè)也逐漸地回暖。出口由原來的審批制到現(xiàn)在的登記制，越來越多的中小公司都有了出口權(quán)。電子商務(wù)在中國(guó)開展越來越來迅速，應(yīng)用越來越普及。電子商務(wù)能降低企業(yè)成本，提。平等競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的機(jī)會(huì)。與大型外貿(mào)企業(yè)相比，中小外貿(mào)企業(yè)主要的缺陷之一就是資金實(shí)力不強(qiáng)。下，與大型外貿(mào)企業(yè)相比，中小外貿(mào)企業(yè)處于信息不充分和不對(duì)稱得劣勢(shì)條件下。的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)態(tài)勢(shì)，并作出正確的戰(zhàn)略的定位和決策。本文就在從中小外貿(mào)企業(yè)自身的概念、特點(diǎn)出發(fā)，分析目前我國(guó)中小外貿(mào)企。業(yè)在應(yīng)用電子商務(wù)的過程中存在哪些不足，已經(jīng)對(duì)這些不足提供一些趕進(jìn)的方法。波特五力分析模型.............3. 福安電機(jī)電器產(chǎn)業(yè)集群整體評(píng)價(jià)..................錯(cuò)誤!

　　

【正文】 . Feng Fei, an industrial economist at the State Council Development Research Center, said diesel cars should have a much bigger market share than hybrids, fuel cells and other newenergy vehicles. The modern diesel car should also be seen as a newenergy option and China should speed up introduction of such vehicles, Feng said. He predicted diesel cars will occupy 4 percent of China39。s passenger car market by 2021 and 20 percent by 2020. But diesel cars still need to clear major hurdles to take off in the country, including persistent constraints imposed on them and the low quality of diesel fuel in many cities. Feng said hybrids will be put into volume mercial production in 2021 and fuel cells in 2020 as both are very expensive to develop. Hybrid cars will only account for 1 percent of the car market in China by 2021, he said. 中文譯文 A 柴油車有望成為綠色環(huán)保車型 中國(guó)作為世界上第二大汽車市場(chǎng)和石油消費(fèi)國(guó) ,正在積極探求節(jié)油型汽車。 許多汽車生產(chǎn)商 ,從世界聞名的豐田和通用汽車公司，以及中國(guó)公司如奇瑞和上汽汽車都正在進(jìn)行混合燃料電池汽車的研究 .。 混合動(dòng)力汽車有一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的內(nèi)燃機(jī)以及電機(jī)以提高里程。 燃料電池將氫轉(zhuǎn)換成電力來 推動(dòng)汽車，而唯一的排出物是水。然而，德國(guó)大眾汽車公司 ,目前一直致力于柴油動(dòng)力汽車，雖然它也計(jì)劃明年在上海做混合型汽車為北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)準(zhǔn)備。 東北大學(xué)秦皇島分校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 第 22 頁 國(guó)內(nèi)最好的汽車銷售者認(rèn)為使用柴油機(jī)車是最現(xiàn)實(shí)可行的解決國(guó)家能源和環(huán)境問題的辦法。該公司表示，與同等發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)容量的汽油機(jī)車相比，使用現(xiàn)在的柴油機(jī)不會(huì)增加汽車價(jià)格，并可以節(jié)省 40%的燃料消耗。 中國(guó)大眾汽車集團(tuán) 主席 Winfried vahland 表示：“只有采用能夠?yàn)樗腥硕皇莻€(gè)別人的環(huán)保技術(shù)方法，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)環(huán)境的正面積極作用?！? 柴油機(jī) 被 大眾汽車公司 列入一項(xiàng) 計(jì)劃 中 ,計(jì)劃從上一年開始，在中國(guó)投入 6 億美元研發(fā)最新 型 引擎和變速箱 ，使到 2021 年實(shí)現(xiàn)降低大眾 本地制造汽車的油耗和排放 20%。 該計(jì)劃是為響應(yīng) 中國(guó) 的目標(biāo) —— 從 2021 年 到 2021 年， 每單位國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值降低能源消耗 20%。 大眾汽車 堅(jiān)定 地 期望 到 2021 年中國(guó) 柴油車 市場(chǎng)將從目前的微不足道到占據(jù) 5%10%中國(guó) 客車市場(chǎng)分額。 大眾汽車，作為國(guó)內(nèi)唯一的柴油機(jī)車生產(chǎn)公司， 5 年前與 第一汽車集團(tuán)工程總公司合資生 產(chǎn)這種機(jī)車。與 2021 年的 16， 000 相比，上一年，它在中國(guó)銷售超過 20， 000輛柴油機(jī)車。它在中國(guó)的銷售量達(dá)到 711， 298，增長(zhǎng)率達(dá) %。 國(guó)務(wù)院 發(fā)展研究中心 工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究員 馮飛 表示 , 與混合、 燃料電池等新能源汽車相比， 柴油車應(yīng)該 會(huì) 有一個(gè)更大的市場(chǎng)份額 。 馮說 ： “ 現(xiàn)代柴油汽車 ,也應(yīng)該被視為一種新的能源選擇 。 中國(guó) 要 加快引進(jìn)這些車輛 ?！? 他預(yù)測(cè)在 2021 柴油車將占據(jù) 4%的 中國(guó) 客 車市場(chǎng)年 ， 到 2020 年 將達(dá)到 20%。 但 在我國(guó) 柴油車仍需要 清除 主要障礙 才能得到快速發(fā)展 ,包括持久 耐用性 和在許多城市 的 低質(zhì)量的柴油燃料 。 馮說 ,混合車型和電池燃料車型分別 將 于 2021年 和 2020年 投入 批量生 產(chǎn) ,這兩者的發(fā)展 都 需要大量資金投入。 他預(yù)計(jì)到 2021 年 混合動(dòng)力汽車只 能 占 1%的 中國(guó)客車市場(chǎng)。 東北大學(xué)秦皇島分校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 第 23 頁 附錄 B Connecticut Industry Clusters Connecticut’s clusterbased economic development initiative is built around the idea that nurturing the state’s key industries improves the petitiveness of businesses within these industries, in turn boosting our economy. By bining the market knowledge and expertise of businesses with the talents and resources of government, education and economic development anizations, Connecticut’s industry clusters better prepare each of their members to face the challenges created in the global marketplace. Industry cluster is an economic development concept championed by Dr. Michael Porter of the Harvard Business School. Dr. Porter is respected worldwide as an expert in global economic strategies and was among the first to recognize the power of clusters to boost regional economies. A cluster is defined as a concentration of panies and industries in a geographic region, which are interconnected by the markets they serve, and the products they produce, as well as the suppliers, trade associations and educational institutions. Clusters have been forming naturally for years, both in the . and abroad. The most famous clusters include: Silicon Valley for its microelectronics, biotechnology and venture capital markets。 Route 128 in Massachusetts for its software, puter and munications hardware, and health care technology sectors。 and North Carolina’s Research Triangle for its pharmaceutical, agriculture and telemunications sectors. Creating a business environment in which clusters can grow and prosper takes an enormous amount of cooperation between government and industry. In 1998, a task force of 125 business leaders from Connecticut was assembled to study the best method of implementing clusterbased economic development in our state. The task force identified six industry areas key to Connecticut’s economic petitiveness: manufacturing, financial services, telemunications and information, health care services and high technology. The task force’s research led to the legislation passed in 1998, effectively launching Connecticut’s Industry Cluster Initiative under the 東北大學(xué)秦皇島分校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 第 24 頁 Department of Economic and Community Development. Throughout 1998, progress was made in a number of areas related to nurturing industry clusters. One of the most important acplishments was the establishment of the Governor’s Council on Economic Competitiveness and Technology, posed of CEOs from a crosssection of industries, legislative leaders, heads of key educational institutions, labor representatives, officials of industry associations and several state missioners. The council meets each quarter to monitor cluster progress and find ways to enhance and support it. In October 1998, the BioScience cluster was the first cluster to be formally launched. Overseen by Connecticut United for Research Excellence (CURE), the cluster started with $300,000 in state seed money and $700,000 from industry contributions. The cluster has since received more than $370,000 in additional funds from DECD and $ million in public funds. Currently, more than 110 Connecticut anizations are members of CURE. The cluster’s activities have led to the establishment of a BioScience Facilities Fund totaling $60 million。 administered through Connecticut Innovations, the state’s technology investment arm, the fund will underwrite the development of incubator and lab space. In July 1999, the Aerospace cluster, under the direction of Aerospace Components Manufacturers (ACM), was introduced. The state’s investment of $769,000 was lev