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【正文】 cent of their gold and dollar holdings to a European Monetary Institute,central bank in the EMS receive equivalent holding of can be used, along with other types of international reserves, to purchase domestic currency from member central banks that acquire it in intervention opertations but do not wish to hold burdens may be shared symmetrically within the EMS, but they need not the French franc depreciates to its lower limit against the DM, for example,the French central bank must rectify the situation by selling DM reserves； at the same time, the German central bank must lend the necessary DM to the Bank of rules thus call for a symmetric intervention procedure when an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one in which the weakcurrency country loses reserves and the other gains intervention takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however,and such intervention does not oblige other central banks to take the bank of France buys DM assets and adds them to its reserves, for example, the Bundesbank is not require to intervene as long as the franc stays within its addition, the symmetry of intervention at the margins is no guarantee that the resulting adjustments in national money supplies are is little at present to prevent a central bank from trying to shift the burden of monetary adjustment onto its EMS partners by sterilizing its foreign c EconomicsTheory and Policy,4th Edition of ContractThe main principle of the law relating to mercial transactions is based on the freedom of the contracting parties to agree as they principle prises the freedom to choose whether one wants to enter into a contract at all, the freedom to choose one39。s contracting party and to agree on the contents of the contract and its general and specific , any freedom of contract is necessarily controlled by some fundamentals principles of the applicable national law which determine how contractual rights e into being and the effect on contractual undertaking of fraud, misleading statements, duress,coercion, mistake or other invalidating should also be observed that it may be impossible to obtain enforcement of some contracts and that the modalities of enforcement may differ in different one cannot expect enforcement of contracts which are illegal in the jurisdiction concerned or which may have such an object that redress to enforcement authorities is is true for most illegal contracts as one cannot very well expect organs of the state to extend a helpful hand to those who have engaged in prohibited of undesirable same reluctance may well apply to contracts which are not illegal but merely of such a nature that the contracting parties should have to arrange their affairs without the assistance of the authorities, contract or games for modern merce, it would normally be impracticable to let the contracting parties individually negotiate each and every contract , they would in most cases use readymade texts appearing in different standard forms or is also possible to use puterized texts available for different types of so, it is only theoretically possible to base contract interpretation on the actual will and intention of the contracting parties standardised text have to be interpreted objectively and reference to contractual intent represents no more than a lipservice to the traditional paradigm of deriving the contents of contract solely from the will of the standard to be used is to assess how a reasonable person would understand the text rather than to examine how the actual contracting parties understood it, if they even thought about it at standardised texts originate from different some cases they are unilaterally prepared by one of the contracting parties and, in other cases,they are elaborated under the auspices of various trade organisations usually only representing one of the parties in a particular type of contractual , trade organisations representing both parties in the contractual relationship may also have agreed on a standardised text, which is then usually called an agreed organisations,such as the International Chamber of Commerce, Promote the elaboration of standard texts and principles which could be incorporated into mercial contracts by reference, In some cases, such standardised texts and principles could attain the status of international usage of trade and, if so, they could be deemed to govern the contracting relationship even in the absence of express Igogo, by ICC
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